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MICRO JOURNN.

VOIUM6 II

ISSU€ 7 • Devoted to the 68XX User • July 1980

"Small Computers Doing Big Things."

e>»*.

* d

If you have a problem that can be solved by a computer— we have a systems solution.

• Two central processors with maximum RAM capacities of 56K and 384 K bytes

• Three types of disk drives with capacities of 175K, 1.2M and 16M bytes

• Two dot matrix printers with 80 and 132 line capacity

A Selectric typewriter interface and a daisy wheel printer

Match these to your exact need, add one or more of our intelligent terminals and put together
a system from one source with guaranteed compatibility in both software and hardware.

Southwest Technical Products systems give you unmatched power, speed and versatility. They
are packaged in custom designed woodgrain finished cabinets. Factory service and support on
the entire system and local seivice is available in many cities.

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSOOY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344 0241

The Disk Operating
System For 68OO and
6809 Users

FLEX"" is the most widely used disk
operating system for the 6800 and 6809
microprocessors. Field proven for over two
years, it has become an Industiy
standard. FLEX Is unparalied in the
amount of 6800/6809 support software
being marketed. Two new versions are
now available and each Includes a disk
editor and assembler:

FLEX for the EXORciser $150.00

Runs on a Motorola EXORciser with
EXORdisk'" II or III. Requires no hardware
modifications with the possible exception
of memory re -addressing. Uses the some
boot as MDOS'".

FLEX for General Use $150.00

Fully documented to allow a user to
write his own terminal and disk I/O
routines to adapt to most any hardware.
Three system requirements are: (1) at
least 12K of RAM at $0000; (2) 8K of RAM
at SA0O0 for 6800 or SC0O0 for 6809; (3)
floppy disk drive capable of 256-byte.
soft sectors. This package is not for
beginners!

FLEX Support Software

Extended BASIC

S1 00.00

Standard BASIC

65.00

6809 Diagnostics Package

75.00

Text Processing System

60.00

Soft/Merge

75.00

68000 Cross Assembler

250.00

6809 Cross Assembler

100.00

6809 FLEX Utilities

60.00

6800 FLCX Utilities

100.00

6809 Debug Package

75.00

6800 Debug Package
FLEX for SWTPc

5500

90.00

Be sure to specify disk size and 6800 or
6809 All orders should include 3%
postage and handling (10% on foreign
orders), Mastercharge and visa are
welcomed. Write for a complete soflware
catalog.

technical /y/tem/
con/ultant/. inc.

Box 2570. West Lalayette. IN 47906
(317) 463-2502 Telex 276143

RM is a trademark of technical Systems Consultants.
Inc. EXORciser. EXORdisk. and MDOS are ftoaeavaiks of
fvtotartria. inc

Portions of text prepared using the following.

SWTPC 68O0-6809-DMAF2-CDS1-CT82-Sprlnt 1

Southwest Technical Products

219 W. Rhapsody

San Antonio, Texas 78216

EDITOR - WORD PROCESSOR
Technical Systems Consultants, Inc.
Box 2573, W. Lafayette, IN 47906
FLEX Is TM of TSC

GlMIX Super Mainframe-Assorted memory boards

GIMIX Inc.

1337 West 37th Place

Chicago, II 60609

Publisher: Don Williams Sr.

Executive Editor: Larry Williams

Subscriptions and Office manager
Mary Robertson

General Girl 'Friday'
Joyce Will lams

Contributing Editors:

Or. Jack Bryant

Dr. Chuck Adams

Dr. Theo Elbert

Dr. Jeffery Brownsteln

Dale Puckett

Russell Gore

Ron Anderson

John Jordon

Typography and color work:
Wl I I lams Inc.
Chattanooga, TN 37421

* CONTENTS *

TRArtXJCR FUNCT. ENCRYPTION B Elbert

& Enzlan

JCP OVERVIEW 15 Review

FLEX USERS NOTES 17 Anderson

PATCH SWTPC BASIC Ver.3 to DISK. 21 Cagle

HELP 23

CLASSIFIED 26

BIT BUCKET 26

MICRO

JOURNN.

Send All Correspondence To:

'68' Micro Journal

3018 Hamill Rd.

PO Box 849

Hixson, Tennessee 37343

— Phone —
Office: 615-870-1993
Plant 615-892-7544
Copyright c I960

'68' Micro Journal is published 12 times a year by '68'
Micro Journal, 6131 Airways Blvd., Chattanooga, TN
37421 . Second Class postage paid at Chattanooga, TN.
Postmaster; Send Form 3579 to '68' Micro Journal, PO
Box 849, Hixson, TN 37343.

1-Year $14.50 2 Years $26.00 3 Years $36.50

-ITEMS SUBMITTED FOR PUBLICATION -
(Letters to the Editor for Publication) All 'letters to the
Editor' should be substantiated by facts. Opinions should
be indicated as such. Ail letters must be signed. We are
interested in receiving letters that will benefit or alert our
readers. Praise as well as gripes is always good subject
matter. Your name may be withheld upon request. If you
have had a good experience with a 6800 vendor please
put it in a letter. If the experience was bad put that in a
tetter also. Remember, if you tell us who they are then it is
only fair that your name 'not' be withheld. This means that
all letters published, of a critical nature, cannot have a
name withheld. We will attempt to publish verbatim'
letters that are composed using good taste.' We reserve
the right to define {for '68' Micro) what constitutes good
taste.'

(Articles and items submitted for publication) Please,
always include your full name, address, and telephone
number. Date and number all sheets. TYPE them if you
can, poorly handwritten copy is sometimes the difference
between go, no-go. All items should be on 8X11 inch,
white paper. Most all art work will be reproduced photo-
graphically, this includes all listings, diagrams and other
non-text material. All typewritten copy should be done
with a NEW RIBBON. All hand drawn art should be black.
on white paper. Please no hand written code items over
50 bytes. Neatly typed copy will be directly reproduced.
Column width should be 3V<i inches.

(Advertising) Any Classified: Maximum 20 words. All
single letters and/or numbers will be considered one (1)
word. No Commercial or Business Type Classified
advertising. Classified ads will be published in our
standard format. Classified ads $7.50 one time run, paid
in advance.

Commercial and/or Business advertisers please write
or phone for current rate sheet and publication lag time.

'68' Micro Journal

WHAT'S COOKING

on the FIFTY BUS

32K STATIC RAM BOARDS

Designed for use with:
• Existing SS50 Systems • SS50C Extended Address Systems

• Assembled
> Burned In

THE CLASSY CHASSIS Jj£

$898.19

• Tested

16K.

24K
32K.

$328.12
$438.14
$548.15

16K and 24K Versions are
socketed lor 32K and require
only additional 2114's lor
expansion

FEATURES:

• Decoding lor 4 Extended Address Lines (allows
memoiy decoding up to 1 megabyte)

• DlP-swtlch to set extended addressing or disable II

• 4 separate 6K blocks, addressable to any 6K
boundary by OlP-swilch

• Each 6K block may be Individually disabled

• Write protect either ot two 16K sections

• Low power consumption — uses 21I4L
power RAMS

• Fully Socketed

• Gold Bus Connectors

• Guaranteed 2MHz operation

low

• 25 amp (5V) lerro-resonani constant voltage
power supply,

• Heavy weight aluminum cabinet with 3 position
key switch. Ian. and provisions lor two 5" disk
drives;

• 6600/6609 Mother Board. Illleen 50 pin and
eight OlP-swilch addressable 30 pin slots (gold
plated pins), fully decoded;

• Baud rale generator on I/O section ot
Mother Board,

I/O BOARDS

for the 30 PIN BUS:

1 Port Serial . $ 88.41

(RS 232 or 20MA, current loop)

2 PoiIRS 232 Serial 128.43

2 Porl Parallel 88.42

AND N0W...GIMIX OFFERS YOU A
Choice of 6800 or 6809 CPU CARDS

You car order your system to fit your needs or select one of the below featured systems.
Please contact the factory for further Information and availability.

Add as much memory as you need using QIMIX Static RAM Cards lor the utmost in reliability.

32K 6800 SYSTEM $1 ,694.59

Includes: Chassis. 6600 CPU. 32K RAM BOARD. I/O card

32K 6809 SYSTEM $1,844.69

Includes: Chassis, 6609 CPU, 32K RAM BOARD. I/O card

32K 6809 PLUS SYSTEM $1 ,994.79

Includes. Chassis. 32K RAM BOARD, I/O Card, and features our 6809 PLUS CPU Card with the Time ot Oay
Clock option wilh battery back- up Installed, as well as the 6640 Timer Package that provides 3 independent
16 bit counters
This system also allows the following options to be added at additional cost:

• Battery back-up ot the IK RAM by substituting CMOS pails.

• A 9511 or 9512 Arithmetic Processor.

• GIMIX or SWTP Dynamic Address Translators.

for the 50 PIN BUS:

6 Porl RS 232 Serial
6 Port RS 232 Serial

with on board Baud Rale generator.
6 Port Parallel

288.40
318.46

198.45

BOTH 6809 SYSTEMS

FEATURE OUR

NEW TERMINAL BASED

GMXBUG 09 SYSTEM MONITOR

GMXSUG 09 Includes advanced debugging

tools, utility, and memory manipulation

routines.

Both 6609 Systems:

* Can be reconfigured to allow use of olher
system monitors (OS-9 and SBUG-E)

* Include 1K ol Scratchpad RAM on the CPU

* Allow optional sollware switching ol system
monitors.

2MHz 6809s at slight additional cost when they
become available

AM 130.00

EXPORT NOTES:

For 5DHI 230V C.V POWER SUPPLY

80 x 24 VIDEO BOARDS - Speclly Format (No AoOed Clwoe)

on OnMn umttf \mi oo tot t Single Bum. « curs Mat Md $30 00 Hwang mhmimuiu a*pm
On 411 «h#t wdni *t hiM ihlp vu Erowy Aw f ffcghl ColhfCI Iftd wt wHI thlroi no handling All wtitn mult Dt
SufuW in u S Fundi PIUM ntur IMI lomgn chock, hm* oatn lik.ng ifwi! tignt H(il lw
wiwid *I¥iM wmng moftoy of cntckl dilwn on I bank KCOunl in the U S Our tunk is Iht C
national Bunk ot Chicago. Account 9 73 J7Q3J Vlu Of Millir Ctiaig* jlu itcoplid

Phone, write, or see your dealer for details and
prices on our broad range of Boards and
Systems for the SS50/SS50C bus and our AC
Power Control Products for all computers.

FACTORY PRIME STATIC RAMS

2114L 450 ns . $5.90 300 ns . . $6.40 200 ns .

. $6.90

4044 450 ns . . $5.90 250 ns . $6.90

AOD IS 00 KANKINO ON ORDERS UNOER 1200 X

Gimix

inc.

QIMIX* and QHOST* srs Registered Trademarks ol OlMIX INC.

The Companr that def/rars
Quality Electronic products since 1975.

1337 WEST 37th PLACE, CHICAGO, IL 60609
(312)927-5510 • TWX 910-221-4055

SEE GHOST AOS PAGES 36. 44 & 48

SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING

Presents

3 Powerful New SS-50/SS-50C Boards

DCB-4
Disk Master

Double Density Controller Board

and DOS68D Double Density DOS

$449.00

The new DCB-4 is a truly state-of-the-art develop-
ment which aliows up to 366K bytes to be stored
on a single 5V disk and has these outstanding
features;

• Up to four 5%"and four 8" drives can be
handled in the same system with a user de-
finable logical unit table. (DOS68D will be
compatible with future hard disk systems).

• Under software control, the user can select
the following for any drive:

* Single sided or double sided operation.
£ Single density or double density data.
if 5'/." or8".

6 Stepping Rate.

£ 40 track or 35 track density on double
sided 5Vi" drives.

* User can select the system boot configu-
ration.

• Occupies only 16 bytes of memory space
(F760-F76F standard). User selectable to any
16 byte address space.

• Can read and write a single sector by itself.
On-board buffer memory allows full inter-
rupt capability in interrupt driven systems.
Once data transfer has been initiated, no
more processor time is required.

• Contains extended decoding circuitry for ex-
tended addressing per SS— 50C bus which
can be enabled by an option jumper.

• SSB provides a means for copying software
written by older versions of OOS68 to be
read by OOS68D. All new media formatted
by OOS68D can be read by all older versions
of DOS68. OOS68 is SSB's 6800 disk opera-
ting system.

• Track of side is recorded in single den-
sity per IBM standard.

• Phase-locked-loop assures highest data inte-
grity attainable.

All of these features are available for immediate
delivery on one standard 5!6" x 9" 50 pin SS— 50/
SS-50C card for only $449.00. The price includes
DOS68D version 5.1, MONITOR object code on
diskette, and a manual with the source listing.

SCB-69
Super Computer Board

6809CPU Board
$299.00

The most versatile 6809 CPU Board on
the market is now available from
Smoke Signal Broadcasting and has the
following features:

• Standard 2 MHz operation.
(Shipping 1.5 MHz until August 80)

• 20 bit address generation for up
to 1 Mbyte of memory. Uses an
improved address translation RAM
which is compatible with present
extended addressing schemes yet
requires much less overhead when
used in multi-user systems.

• All on-board devices can be switch
selected to occupy any or all ex-
tended pages. Any onboard device
may be disabled and its memory
space is then available for exter-
nal memory.

• Standard real— time clock (time—
of— day, day— of— week, day— of—
month) with battery back up ca-
pable of generating programmable
interrupts.

• Up to 20K of EPROM can be in-
stalled on the CPU Board.

• Standard 1K of RAM on board.

• Includes improved 6809 Monitor
(and source listing).

• Contains an FPLA for decoding
EPROM address and optional de-
vices. Switches are used to select
2K/4K EPROM and Fast/Slow I/O.

• Contains provision for optional
9511/9512 floating point pro-
cessor.

• NMI line is user selectable to work
with either SS-50 or SS-50C
busses.

Price for the new SCB— 69 is only
$299.00 for an assembled, burned-in
fully tested board.

M-32-X

32K

Memory Board

$539.00 $439.00

The first and only 32K
Static Ram Board on stan-
dard size (5'/*" x 9")
SS-50/SS-50C Bus Cir-
cuit Card is made by
Smoke Signal.

• Switch selectable to
any 4K boundary.

• Any 4K block may be
switch enabled or dis-
abled.

• Fully compatible with
SS-50C extended ad-
dressing (allows mem-
oiy decoding up to
1 Mbyte).

• Extended addressing
capability may be
switched off for com-
patibility with SS-50
systems.

• Gold Bus Connectors
for high reliability.

• Guaranteed 2MHz op-
eration (tested at 2.2
MHz).

• Low power consump-
tion — 8 volts at
2.4 amps typical.

M-32-X
Board is
$539.00.

32 K Memory
priced at

M-24-X 24 K Memory
Board expandable to 32K,
is $439.00.

And our M-16-X 16K
board is back to the old
price of $299.00.

BMMSfllC

31336 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361, (213) 889-9340

BE**'

SB*?:

«-«$ »SS?S S „,..— -egg
stf? -r£ -- m * i-o«-»»*

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IB««'b" w 1,01 ST"'

l*** *,„,, «"" >co

S*--; ;" 7J , *«• ** •**

_ _ ... afvd *

:^T U ***** -^-v^^^'--^

"tf <TV

FRANK HOGG'

DENTAL LABORATORY

available ori FLEX"
th* ditk wiih obi*

7.0 5" ditlt or «Sf FlEXi - 1 B" ha-d \PCTored 4>'V Ih* pcjiknsjr
codf AND FUUY CCWMfNIED SOURCE IIS1ING a p^xim-nno,
nd hml\itti tbaflQ*\. end w*ir'P applKob'p*"Q«"*i1p p'rsflfom* 6S09

10 6FJM DFchi'BClurc r?nH &P *"Hr pO\'Hnr- ir lf-|i-riJ* B 1 VISA aorfMC

™B PI 121
..'iter St,
S.Y. 1321

rpud SOURCE TCf33«

(3 IS; 471-7356

'66' Micro Journal

SOFTWARE...

mSk has CTlDREi

WE INVITE YOU TO LOOK AT OUR NEW SOFTWARE CATALOG
WHICH OFFERS NEW PROGRAMS FOR YOUR 6800 SYSTEM.

•All FLEX'" Programs from TSC are now available for MSI Computer Systems.

•MULTI-DISK FLEX'" from MSI allows the use of any combination of MSI disk devices to be used
simultaneously, including the HD-8/R 10 megabyte drive.

•SORT/MERGE Program can be used manually or within other BASIC or assembler programs
to perform high speed sorts of data files.

•Hemenway Associates Software Products for use under FLEX'" are available on the
MSI System.

•TRS-80/M ICROSOFT BASIC - MSI BASIC Translator allows MSI users to run
the large library of basic programs written for the TRS-80 and other similar
systems.

•SOFTWARE LIBRARY Programs keep track of all diskette and hard disk
directories, giving alphabetical listings of available programs.

•SDOS Operating System.

•MULTI-USER/MULTI-TASKING SDOS Operating System allows any userto
perform edits, assemblies, compilations, or program executions
independently and simultaneously.

'All MSI software is supported on four (4) disk systems: quad density minifloppy,
single and double density 8" floppy, as well hard disk systems.

•Complete BUSINESS APPLICATION PACKAGES including sales order entry, accounts
receivable, inventory management, purchase order entry, accounts payable, and general
ledger are available on MSI hard disk systems.

•PLOTTING PACKAGE gives daisy-wheel printers the capacity to perform graphics operations.

•LETTERWRITER Word Processing Software allows the use of daisy-wheel printers to generate
documents and to handle correspondence automatically.

FLEX" it • 'rq.jlHM ludniun a) Ttchmul Sown ComulMntt Inc

Send for your catalog today.

midwest Scientific Instruments

220 W. Cedar • Olathe, Kansas 66061 ' 913-764-3273
TWX 910 749 6403 (MSI OLAT) Telex 42525 (MSI A OLAT)

A Few Extraordinary Products for Your 6800/6809 Computer

From Percom . . .

Low Cost
Mini-Disk Storage
in the Size You Want

Percom mini-disk systems star! as
low as $599 95, ready lo plug in and
run. You can't get better quality or a
broader selection of disk software
from any other microcomputer disk
system manufacturer — at any pricel

Features; 1-, 2- and 3-drive systems
in 40- and 77-irack versions store
102K- to S91K-bytes of random ac-
cess data on-line ■ controllers in-
clude explicit clock/data separation
circuit, motor inactivity time-out cir-

. rtiuij

coil, buffered control lines and other
mature design concepts • ROM
DOS Included with SS-50 bus ver-
sion — optional DOSs lor EXOR-
ciser* bus ■ extra PROM sockets
on-board ■ EXORciser* bus version
has 1 K-byle RAM - supported by ex-
tended disk operating systems; as-
semblers and other program de-
velopment/debugging aids; BASIC,
FORTRAN, Pascal and SPUM lan-
guages, and. business application
programs.

if ii mi*

EXORciser* Bus LfD-400EX J " -BOOEX™ Systems

Versatile Mother Board, Full-Feature Prototyping Boards

Printed wiring is easily soldered tin-lead
plating Substrates are glass-epoxy Pro-
totyping cards provide for power regula-
tors ana distribu edcapaci orbypasslrvg,
accommod ate 14-, 16-. 24- and 40-pin
DIP sockets Prototyping boards include
bus connectors, other connectors and
sockets are optional.
MOTHERBOARD— accommodates five
SS-SO bus cards, and may itself be

plugged Into an SS-SO bus. Features
wide-trace conductors Price. $21 95
SS-SO BUS CARD — accommod ates 34-
and 50-pin ribbon connectors on top
edge, 10-pin Molex connector on side
edge Price: S24 95

SS-30 BUS CARD — r/4-lnch higher
than SWTP I/O card, accommodates 34-
pin ribbon connector and 12-pin Motet
connec or on top edge Price: $14 95

The SBC/9 1 ". A "10" By Any Measure.

The Percom SBC/9™ is an SS-50 bus compatible, sand-
alone Single-Board Computer Configured (or (he 6809
microprocessor, the SBC/9 ,W also accoirvnodates a 6602
without any modification You can have state-of the art
capability ol the '09 Or put to work the enormous selection of
6R00-coded prog rams that run on the '02

The SBC/e" 1 includes PSYMON™. an easily ex ended 1-
Kbyte ROM OS Other features include

■ Total compatibility with the SS-50 Bus Requires no changes io the
motnarboe rd. merriory or I/O

■ Serial pot includes bit-rate generator RS-232-C compatible Wilh
optional tubmmlBture D' connector installed 10 pm Molex connec-
tor provided

• Esghl bit. non-latched, bidirectional parallel port Is mulll-addresB
extension ot system bus Spans a 30-address field, aceommodales
an exceptional variety ot peripheral devices Connector is optional

• Includes 1-Kbyte ot static RAM

• Costs only $199 96 with PS 0N' W and comprehensive users
manual that includes source listing ot PSYM0M '"

1M u*tena/H or Percom o*ia Compan y Inc

* trademark ol trie Motooia CorporiBon

Prion end soecrffcKWs «a>t»et to ctanga wtttait nsJce

The Electric Window'" Instant, Real-Time Video Display Control

Memory residency and outstanding software control of display lormal and
characters make this SS-50 bus VDCcardan exceptional value at only $249 95.
Other features:

• Generates 126 charac-
ters including all ASCII dis-
playable characters plus
selected Greek letters and
other special symbols

• Well-formed, easy-lo-
read 7xl2-dot characters
True baseline descenders.

• Character-store (display)
menciy included on card
■ Provision for optional
character generator
EPROM tor user dedned
symbols.

• Comprehensive users
manual includes source
listing of Driver software
Oliver — called WINDEX™
— is also available on mini-
diskette through the Per-

1 com Users Group

Products are available at Percom dealers nationwide Call toll-free,
1-800-527-1592, for the address of your nearest dealer, or to
order direct.

TRAPDOOR FUNCTION ENCRYPTION
WITH THE 6800

T. F. Elbert and R. Enzlon
The University of West Florida
Pensacola, Florida 32504

Cryptography, so long considered to I le
within the almost exclusive purview of the
military and Intelligence communities, has
sprung upon the commercial computer scene with
amazing alacrity, and has even now begun Its
entry Into the home computer market. The
National Bureau of Standards, anticipating the
need within the federal government for
encryption of nonclassified data, has
promulgated Its Data Encryption Standard (DES)
as the single method to be used within the
federal establishment (reference 1). With such
Innovations as electronic mall and electronic
funds transfer soon to become a practical
reality on a large scale, data encryption will
undoubtedly become a commonplace feature of
digital data transmission.

Technically speaking, encryption of digital
data transmission Involves use of a cipher, In
which a fixed relationship exists between the
number of characters In the plaintext and Its
clphertext transformation, as distinguished from
a code, In which no such fixed relationship
exists. Ciphers have been In use for centuries,
one of the simplest being termed the "Caesar
cipher" because Its use can be traced back to
Julius Caesar. While early ciphers were
effective, modern science and Its accompanying
technology have made virtually every cipher
susceptible to cryptanalysls using correlation
and statistical methods. The sole exception,
generally conceded to be absolutely secure. Is
the Vernam cipher. This cipher, known as a
onetime key, was patented In 1918 and
constitutes the basis for most cryptosystems In
use today where security Is of utmost concern.
The basic concept of the Vernam cipher Is
simple, using an exclusive OR operation between
the plaintext and a random binary key. Since
the exclusive OR Is Its own Inverse, a similar
operation will recover the plaintext at the
receiving end. The security of the system lies
In the fact that the hey Is used only once and
discarded. This feature defeats the basic
concept of cryptanalysls, that under heavy
traffic conditions the key can eventually be
determined from patterns existing In the text
Itself. The disadvantage of the Vernam cipher
Is the problem of producing, registering,
distributing and cancelling the keys. Neverthe-
less, for systems where security Is required at

virtually any cost, the Vernam cipher has In the
past been the only choice.

Recently, a new approach to cryptography
has evolved In which the objective Is not to
produce a theoretically unbreakable cipher, but
rather to produce a cipher which would require
an inordinate effort for cryptanalysls
(reference 2). For example, a cipher which
would require years on the fastest computer for
effective cryptanalysls Is for all practical
purposes unbreakable. The basis of such ciphers
lies In a rapidly developing area of mathematics
known as complexity theory. In addition to
security, this new approach produces ciphers
with a revolutionary and very useful
characteristic.

All previous ciphers. Including the Vernam
cipher, fal I Into one of two general categories:

1. Public algorithm - secret key
cipher, where the algorithm Is
public knowledge but the key Is
known onl y to the sender and
receiver. The National Bureau of
Standard's DES Is of this type.

2. Secret algorithm - secret key
cipher, where both the algorithm
and the key are Known onl y to the
sender and receiver.

It Is generally conceded that public algorithm
systems are the more trustworthy, since one can
choose an algorithm which has withstood the
scrutiny of cryptana lytic experts, thus avoiding
the posslbll Ity of a flaw In the algorithm which
might be exploited by a penetrator. Now from
the new approach comes yet another category;

3. Publ 1c algorithm - publ Ic key
cipher, where both the algorithm
and the key are publ Ic knowledge.

While such a eoncept may seem unworkable In that
a person who encrypts a plaintext with a given
key should also be able to decrypt the resulting
clphertext, such Is not the case. By using as
the encrypting algorithm a mathematical
procedure known as a "one-way Irapdoor function,"

the encryption process Is quite eesy using the
encrypting key, but decryption Is extremely
difficult unless one also has knowledge of a
second key known as the decrypting key. Thus,
the algorithm and the encrypting key can be made
public so that anyone can encrypt the plaintext,
but onl y those possessing the decrypting key can
decrypt the clphertext. The efficiency of any

'68' Micro Journal

one-way trapdoor function In terms of crypt-
analytlc difficulty Is determined by the
principles of complexity theory.

Several one-May trapdoor functions have been
suggested. The one considered here Is the RSA
public key system, named after Its developers R.
I. Rlvest, A. Shamir, and L. Adelman. The system
Is based on the difficulty of factoring a very
large nearly-prime number, a problem with a long
and distinguished history of resisting solution.
The concept of factoring a large number also
Illustrates the trapdoor characteristic. In that
factoring a number Is a much more complex task
than producing the number from Its factors. The
basis of the RSA algorithm rests In some rather
Interesting characteristics of modular arithmetic
which result from basic number theory. The first
on these Is given below:

(A X B) mod N - ((A mod N) X <B mod N)> mod N

(1)

For example, for A - 30, B • 20, and N ■ 7,

(30 X 20) mod 7 - 600 mod 7 - 5

A mod N - 30 mod 7=2

B mod N ■ 20 mod 7-6

(6 X 2) mod 7 - 12 mod 7 - 5

The second characteristic concerns exponential
operations In modular arithmetic:

<A B > mod N - (AS m °d H'jmod N

(2)

where |(N) 1s known as Euler's totlent function
end Is defined es the number of Integers between
1 end H which have no common factors with N. For
example, for A ■ 2, B ■ 16, N - 15,

C2 18 ) mod 15 - 262,144 mod 15-4

For H m 15, there are 6 Integers between 1 end 15
which have no cannon factors with 15* These are

U m pq

then the totlent function Is

^(N) - (p-D(q-l)

(3)

(4)

This fact Is also Illustrated by the example
above, since

C3H5) - 15

and both 3 and 5 are prime. This gives
(p-D(q-l) = (2X4) = 6

which Is the number of Integers between 1 end 15
with no common factor other than I with 15.
Furthermore, It Is evident from (2) that, for any
Integer E between f and N-l,

E ^(N)+1

- E mod M

(5)

In addition. If E Is restricted to Me In range
from 3 to ^(N)-1, with no common factor with
^(N), then It has a modulo ^(N) muttlpl Icatlve
Inverse such that

<E0)mod ^(N>

(6)

In the RSA algorithm E Is 1t»e encryption key, D
1s the decryption key, and expression (6) Is the
basic relationship of the algorithm. The power
of the algorithm rests In the fact that A(M) Is
easy to determine If p and q are known, but
computing j>(N) directly from N is equivalent In
difficulty to factoring N,

The appl Icatlon of the algorithm then
consists of the following procedures. Select two
large prime numbers p and q. Then, In accordance
with the previous discussion.

1, 2, 4, 7, 6, 11, 13, 14

Thus, ^(15) - B, and

2 1 6 mod 8 = 2 2 - 4

end the Identity of (2) Is exemplified.

The RSA trapdoor function algorithm utilizes
the fact that If N Is the product of two prime
numbers p and q.

pq ■ n

(p-Dtq-1) - $

Choose a random number E between 3 and C
which has no common factor with f. The Inverse D
Is found from (6), using an extended version of
Eul Id's algorithm for determining the greatest
common divisor of two Integers. To encrypt a
plaintext message P, In the form of an Integer
between and N-1, the encrypting aquation Is

P E mod N

(7)

68' Micro Journal

where C Is the resulting clphertext. The
decrypting equation Is

P - C°mod M (8)

Thus, a person who knows N and E can encrypt a
plaintext message, but cannot decrypt a message
encrypted by another person using the same values
of N and E unless he also knows the decrypting
key D. The cryptanal yst Is faced with the task
of factoring N, an Inordinate effort for N on the
order of hundreds of digits.

It Is easy to see that expression (8) will
recover the plaintext, since from (8), (7), (6)
and (2),

C mod N

(P mod M> mod N

= P E °mod N

, n ED mod 6(N>,
= (P " )mod N

= P mod N » P
The characteristic which makes this possible Is
that given In expression (6). Similar
development will show the symmetry of the
relationship; that Is, either P or C can be
considered data to be encrypted.

As an example, consider the following
Illustrative example taken from reference 2:

p = 73 q = 151 N = 11,023

$(11,023) » 10,800 E = 11

Then, the decryption key Is determined as that
Integer for wh Ich

(D X 11) rood 10,800 = 1

The value of Is determined to be
- 5,891

P ■ 10,2605'® 'mod 11,023
= 3314

In this Illustrative example the value of 14 I s
not large enough to frustrate cryptanal ys Is,
since one hundred or more digits are required for
absolute security. And yet, even with this
slmpl e exampl e, exponents on the order of 6000
are encountered, en Impractical I ty to say the
least for conventional computational techniques.
However, by using the property of modular
arithmetic described In expression (1) and a
binary representation of the encrypting or
decrypting key. It Is possible to eval uate
expressions such as these using practical
computer word lengths and In reasonable time. To
Illustrate this procedure, consider the encryp-
tion above, with E = 11. The binary representa-
tion of 11 Is 1011 which, from the positional
notation used In the binary system, actually
means

t X 2 3 + X 2 Z + 1 X 2 4 1

Then,

C = 3314 mod 11,023

(2^+2+1)
- (3314 1 * * " ) mod 11,023

« (3314 8 )(3314 2 )(3314) mod 11,023

But, from expression (1) this Is equivalent to

8 D

C = (3314 mod 1 1,023) (33ir mod 11,023) X

(3314 mod 11,023) rood 11,023

This can be evaluated by noting that

3314* mod 11,023 = (3314 2 mod 11,023) X
(33W mod 11,023) mod 11,023

(3688) (3688) mod 11,023
9985

The plaintext to be encrypted Is the Integer
3314. Using expression (7) results In the
clphertext:

C = 3314 n mod 11,023

= 10,260

In a similar fashion,

(3314 8 mod 11,023) = (3314 4 mod 11,023) X
(3314 4 mod 11,023) mod 11,023

- (99851(9985) rood 11,023

- 8213

To decrypt this clphertext, expression ( g) Is
used:

In this manner, each of the power of two
.'68' Micro Journal

exponentials can be evaluated modulo 11,023 from
the modular value of the previous exponential.
The value of C Is obtained by taking the products
Indicated by the binary expansion of E. In this
case,

C - (8213X3688X3314) nod 11,023

Again, the modular arithmetic can be used to
formulate this as:

C • (82?3>((3688)(3314) mod 11,023} mod 11,023

- (8213X8545) mod 11,023

- 10,260

In this manner, the value of C I s obtained from
arithmetic Involving no more than twice the
number of digits In N. For practical systems,
this Is well within the capabll Itles of modern
digital equipment.

do this, he first decrypts the message using his
secret decryption key Da. He then encrypts this
Intermediate result using B's public encryption
key Eq and transmits the message to B. Upon
receipt of the message, B decrypts It using his
own secret decrypting key Dg end obtains A's
Intermediate result, which was obtained by A by
transforming with his secret decrypting key. Then
B applies A's public encrypting key E A to this
Intermediate result to obtain the original
message. This Is possible since the E and D
transformations are Inverses of one another. In
this process, the data transmission Is secure,
since It was sent using B's encrypting key and
therefore only those with B's secret decrypting
key can successfully obtain the Intermediate
result. Furthermore, since the original
plaintext Is obtained from the Intermediate
result by applying A's public encryption key, the
Intermediate result must have been produced by
someone possessing A's secret decryption key.
Thus, Bean feel secure In ascertaining that the
message actually came from A.

In general terms, the above procedure consists of
computing the sequence of recursive terms;

P 2 mod N

P * mod N - (P 2 mod NX? 2 mod N> mod N

P 8 mod N - <P 4 mod NXP mod N) nod N

P ,6 mod N - (P 8 mod NXP 8 mod N) mod N

P K mod N

CP K/2 mod N) (P K/2 nod N) mod N

Where P Is the largest power of two contained In
encryption key E. None of these terms Is greater
than N. Then, the product of selected terms
modulo N Is taken, depending upon where the 1's
occur In the binary representation of E. By
keeping a running product modulo N, no Integers
greater In length than twice the length of M are
encountered. The decryption process follows the
same procedures, except that the binary
representation of the decryption key D Is used.

A useful fallout of this kind of trapdoor
function encryption Is 1tie concept of the digital
signature. In processes such as electronic funds
transfer, It Is Imperative to verify the
legitimacy of a digital message In terms of who
really sent It. Using a trapdoor function
encryption such as that described here, this Is
easily done* Suppose that A wishes to send a
message to B, and In doing so must Indicate to B
that the message actually originated with A. To

To Implement this trapdoor function
encryption on a general purpose computer, muttl-
perclslon multiply and divide routines are
required, together with en encryption program to
Implement the process described above. The
program described In the listing at the end of
this article consists of a temporary driver
routine which provides for Input and output, the
encryption program ENCRPT, the mul tl prec 1 s Ion
multiply routine MULT, end the mul 1 1 prec I sl on
divide routine Olv. The driver routine Is of
minimal complexity since It Is Intended only for
experimenting with the encryption process.
Further application would require a driver
routine tal lored to the users need. The driver
routine uses two DISKBUG (or MIK6UG) subroutines,
and one FLEX subroutine, PCRLF, as Indicated In
the listing. For the users without FLEX, PCRLF
can be replaced by use of the ASCII carriage
return end line feed symbols.

The multiply and divide routines are capable
of handling mul tt preel s ion integers up to 40
bytes (97 decimal digits) and can be easily
modified to accomodate larger Integers. The
routines have been kept very general, at the
expense of additional complexity. In that they
can efficiently handle Integers with a smaller
number of bytes. This Is accomplished by
determining the number of non-zero bytes In each
Integer within each routine, thus performing the
basic shlft-and-edd and shlft-and-subtract loops
only as many times as necessary for the
particular Integers used In multiplication and
division. Also, to make these routines generally
useful with no external references except

'68' Micro Journal

subroutines, memory allocation Is redundant In
some cases. In the division routine, the
quotient and remainder are determined, even
though only the remainder Is of Interest In the
modular division process. These features are
Included to make these two routines generally
useful for other applications. If a user decides
on the block length tor his partlcul ar
application, the complexity of these routines and
the memory allocation can be appreciably reduced
by tailoring the programs to that block length
and removing the redundancy In some of the
variables. As it no* stands, the requirement Is
less than 1800 bytes. Including the driver
routine.

Once loaded and executed, the program will
first ask for the number of bytes In H, which
must then be entered In hexadecimal with lead Ing
zero's within a byte Included. It will then ask
for N I n hexadecimal, and again a leading zero.
If present, must be entered. The same process Is
then repeated for the key and for the message,
all In hexadecimal. When this data Is entered, a
call to the encryption routine Is made. The
processed text Is returned to the memory location
originally containing the message and printed
out. The specification of the number of bytes
and the use of hexadecimal Is a property of the
temporary driver routine. The user's custom
driver could omit the number of bytes
specification and use decimal Input, The number
of bytes Is not transferred to the computational
routines; they make this determination
Internal ly, a feature Incorporated to make the
computational routines Independent of the driver.
The requirements of a driver are to place the
message In memory location MSG, the value of N In
memory location OIVS, and the value of the key In
memory location ENCR, All of these must be right
Justified. In addition. It must print out the
processed text from memory location MSG, where It
will also be right justified. The number of non-
zero bytes In the processed text Is stored In
NDVIS by the program.

Following the listing are shown some example
Input-output data, beginning with the
Illustrative example contained In the text.

REFERENCES

I'm tinU*fir> Jrjjn rttiiirtt l>rivi<ltf) Iflt
Uf*I«*I laptit •*« tfelftbl. tl C»IH «<« lr»-
door »ro«t*a *» t«»<ouliit» (frtfa I.
Sulr*Jtl»i i«lll4) »CUr,{W*b>lltl,

i rtaMii

i t-tirqti flttiiKiii *i"* *«. fti'-'it

iti|l|tilMilMI>l«>IIMiriiiilHiillhili»MI'

Lacour, S. J. and Elbert, T ( Fi "A Software
Data Encryption Standard Implementation tor the
6800."

Kellman, M. E. "The Mathematics of Publ Ic-
Key Crypt ography,* 1 Scientific American,
September, 19 79.

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Ilta Flfll wa-ltro tilt.

Slart I of aft »ro bvtri in NCHCR.

Slara adilrait al CHCkt.

Ian I bvlai in » ikI Id Ace I.

i«a>tti la I r»1.

Fi*l flril aan-roca hvle.

Slort I a9A'±*ra wtal tl MIS*.

■ At ntatvlM araa Far F11WJLF it
tltaraa iiiaM far t aaa la iht lail
tilt.

LOtt ace A willi ■ Mia-Taro
I bvltt la E*0>. FNa EIC1 lota nvlli-
aliaa Ihll auatir tv I It vitu lh«

■ watir al ULt la E«C*. lE.ta I*
tlartt tl CTtl

SacrtMIl Cfrt AM oarferM lllllll
laaluttlltn af FlNlltll.

load BAja.iaijli.1 A*lr«ll of CMC! 1-10
I r*4 and I bitta lnlo Aic A. Blltf
tava tna laicn. tcuu ruhi cacl

ltd II ItrrT It tot ill b'tach to
EACtl For Far tvb»*4i>tnt eo»Oaia
llaa.

IF cam lit, >tla FIHUIIIT • Hit
Itita fa ta CACII for mtiaauaal

Dtcrt<arnl CTF. IF j*rc braatl. lo
aao. otnaratia cotllaaa.

A44i«ti. of live* la i ra«.
Cltar cifci 111.
1IW I niiilirt byln la CJICft la
Cltar Iht carry live araa.
Iha aulllbvla canlaali of CaCI
art ralalad riftil ana til.

If inn aol 1*1. canllwa.

If til, llact aaa In SAVCAR, canllatio.

Ilari I Ivtat in HS6 itlo Cll

Bad Iddrttt of IULEI Into ttOXMl.

Iiora jadraii al KM lata WL99 1

Bat ca II till lo iraitfar 418

it IUIT9 In ariiarallan for

call la BtilttPLtcaUia revllaa.

Slara a tr^lai In 14.14a lata CT) ami
addratt al I0U1 lata AOlfitl.
Etora aldralf of H5I tula H6L9X1
ltd CBll HDaC 10 tranafar IflO la

location BVITI la oraoarBllon for
call la aalllplualioa roultaa.
Juno to aaltliXlialioa rounri.
Clrar divija aaaorr taaca.

Hovo FfrOf rranaroviaut Aulllollca-
llBa coll lata IIVI. Hit Iriar
ouabar utad la Iha ancryolton al-
fBTitha ta alraadv in tlaB.

Juno lo division a attioullie.

Llll I if lat'Iirt Ivloi mia

CTI tnd iadliq lOdroia ■!«*

•II I alt I0LDI1. It an iE*r into

HtLIll aid call AJOVC la lifrnafor f*-

oaladar la All.

K SlVCl* bfta UA1 turfiad oa ora-

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Neva AS! lo Htal.TR for Iha nvlllfilt-
calfea rtulmt.

Jttva FINJAJLT la HULTD Cll- Ita nultl-
Ollltllaa rautinB.

Junft la aalllpllctllol rOulma.
Cltar dlatdl aenerv tPKB.

la ortor lo l.atp Iha proouct FINluil
f*Ba I'landlBl bavBad Iht ntaory
allocBlioa II aatl bo MOOBlirtr
tuidad Bach Una.

■otb 1*01 U Oltl to ill no Iha aad-

flaa dlalatot raeltnt.

Juno lo Iht dtviliot rM.lmi.

lava coattalt of 9IVI dtflood ly tin

addrvn la IEHP1 la F1MIH.1.

Batura For tnalatr pait.
Itailldtr n in fllHUtT. II II
neved 10 all for itluln la calltnl
roulloo.

latura lo calling roullao,

All

ASH
tftl
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FIBAILT HI
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CICAI IHI 2
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•• Till raullaa till tavt tat awabtr of bylta ta
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■• HDtlll to laolhtr latttlia lo *f*or, naci' ft
•• fiat ty Hi aadlao bylf NILI12. Vho naabtr ta
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lion rttoll lo Hltlll.

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aad itera actanulatfr I lata Ihi

rictttltf bvla.

lacrlnaal Ibo India rolttlar »ld

lion la HD15I2.

lacrmaol cll Icoimltrl. than D

ITI.itti laai HOtlli lit* ladta ro|-

illtr aaa braacli lo NOV! fir naal byto.

• • Ihn retaina daart aawory up to 219 Irlia

" at otttrntaod by tbt toaltili tt let I,

■• Itorttol at tha Iddrttt tpacifla* by the

ta coataala oF the IBdat rettiler.

CLINCH

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9.1 Clean letittBto BPtctFltd by tadai

■ Miliar, titrtatm India -ttnttr .
Itcfiittal toatler, If aot atro
CLBAIB branch, beck to btflinlnl ar leal.

• • Tan reuLiot fltltmian Iht aunber oF HOI* aa

** itra trial la a aaltl-byle eord aftlat •!• at

at draia la la Iha 1 ratlllir Hi Hloat Htal- to)

at ana nuetar tf BVlat la la ItCuAulalor |. Af- at

aa lar aaetallaa IccaavUlar I cattBlnt tho at

•• auabar of eeo-tara tflaai lit t ■ 1 rottater ■■

af cealalna Iht tddrall tr the rim toe-Iaro ..

at byla, h

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lae'tHvAL X rM.

Loa« K[ * rea* MtJrao n i rmi.

If iirii braich t>«c* .
Fliril ITI IfUrn Ii citllaf roulin*.

■ ••■Iiia*i»iiiit>i»*iiii4>ii«i4.ii*i>iiiii*iiiiiiii*i
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a* ilea at ■ nullttrti ( 1 Id by tan dicinil nuit***
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ti DlvDt Thr ♦taandit v, IL tit rlfht iuttlTi#d W
al al Iht adtjrtM canttlatd la tf-tVl. and Iha M
aa fluotiiil tl Iht raaalaiat U«rr Hflulf itHi". h
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Loll Iddrlli Of tltt lull I res.

Call Fill U nitrate* nee-cere bytai.

Iltrv I aoa-iare bvtei al IBlVS.

Iterp eddreit af nrtk aoa tare al Olvsi.

Laid an ■ btttl late Ice I.

Lead Iddrou al ItVB talc I -a*

Sriarnial aia-Iaas tivlei.

Iicraaaat lad itlrp I STIn al dDlvl.

lacreaaal and tlara adlnai II Hvtl.
Tail llla'ii tiln oytl In 81s*.
lalirilil I laa-liro tvlei 1« ri-
eaiadar, pod d.i Kll loot to nam-
ely Lhii ember 3v I 11 qtve i......

bir af bill la renaleler. tlara till
it Clll.

litre cadla) aldrael of lltl at
TCAFI.

laid LSI fnla Mt I and I if bflr*
la OlvldeaO laid ICC I. Subtract
••«IS. II Ittllxlltl Jcy.1 lo <al.
Olherwtie coelleve p*d tuitracl
•IIV> IISII) fraa atlvV'f la al-
tera!** IE1II. If>a lata altera Ihlft-
l at ace are.

Sllre iterllnl edtfraai af IlvD in

item., iiiiiui tidftii of livi ii!

S1I1I1. ail I af Ivlra 11 let I.

Load lec I ill! I bvt* of SIVI pad
tlnpiri all* cerretlenljnf byte in
DILI. Ir lltOfllVS Iranth ta thirt.

If BllftilllfS laCrOianl and ratara
ta caatara. It lltl>4lsl Irarti. to
IV) ta actaallltn labtratlian.

Stara audi at addnit af CIVS IftO
Statu. Sal tarry aaai I1VCI la aoa.

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aad itara I el ayttt lata lie I.

Calar IVI loOl 10 lUOtract IVlai'ln

IIV5 Traa tarraaaanlia^ artta la live.

Stora tiaullt la list.

IfaiB all Ortaa haua bait avbtratlad
taatlawa la thirt.

lacraaaal bit toanlar. If I I braach
ta lad.

QlrifraliB. Lead 4<c I alLb I »f bvlai
aad t lair nrrv.

It ■lUCW la aaa. tat carry ini ar>l ft .
outran! la liratlla to aftlfl.

Illft llVt latl.

■aUtra for aeolntr lata.

Uaaa all iMfliat af INCH ti laaolatr
parrera riaal ihift, in* carry in
If IIVCU'l. larrv Elaaf if HVCll.t.

la call ml reatlna.

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JCP OVERVIEW

REVIEW

Ever once In a while a piece of software comas along
that Indicates a quantum Jump In the state of the
art. This months review deals with such a program,
JCP, a Job Control Program written by Peter Murray
of P. 0. Box 49302, Austin. Texas. It Is sold by
the Frank Hogg Dental Lab, 130 Mldtown Plaza, 700
East Hater Street, Syraucse, N. V. 13210. It
sells for $39.93. Most of us working with micros
have gotten used fo the Idea that we must load and
execute every program Individually and take care of
any errors as they occur. In other words, we have
been handling our "Job stream" manually. We could
have used the EXEC utility which Is supplied with
the FLEX operating system 1o execute a text file
which contained a list of FLEX commands. But, with
EXEC we could not handle errors or parameter
substitution.

'68' Micro Journal

History
Peter Murray was Introduced to computers on an IBM
360 system at a large university and became
accustomed to using a Job Stream Processor to batch
process. He was spoiled by the 360 COS which was
essentially a programming language with an
Instruction set composed of operating system
commands, user data and other special commands whlc
directed program flow. He had grown accusomed to
'•programming" a Job stream and then letting the 560
DOS do all his processing while he took care of
other studys. When he began using his SS50 computer
system he soon realized that he did not want to give
up his big system habits. So, he went to work and
JCP was born.

Design Goo Is
His design goals called for the cabablllty of
branching, parameter substitution, error recovery,
Interrupt and operator prompting. All of these
features are found In the release of JCP tested.
Common Job control features that are not provided by
this version Include a common system area, a timer
Interrupt and Input /Output scheduling. Branching
becomes necessary In a Job stream when It comas time
to change the Job sequence. JCP provides both
conditional and unconditional branching which allows
the operator to change a sequence without physically
rearranging his Job streams. Parameter substitution
allows the operator to use standardized routines or
utility procedures for many different Jobs. He
simply provides real values for the dummy values
placed In the canned procedure by entering them In a
parameter list following the name of the procedure
file In the command line. JCP also allows you to
assign values to the parameters within the
procedure. This allows for defaults when the
particular parameter Is not provided In the command
line. If you are a perfect programmer and don't
make simple mistakes, you won't need JCP's error
recovery feature. But, they are there any way for
people like me. JCP allows you to anticipate
certain expected errors, trap them and provide a
method of handling their. How many times have you
sent a long command to your computer and then
realized that you made a mistake. Wouldn't It have
been nice to be able to Interrupt the processing and
then be able to restart It after making a
correction. JCP provides this capability. Operator
prompting allows the control program to communicate
with the operator. It makes monitoring the system's
operation a lot simpler. JCP allows the message to
go to your terminal or to a printer If the FLEX n P"
command Is used before JCP In tlie calling line.

Implementation
JCP, as distributed by the Frank Hogg Dental Lab, Is
written to work with FLEX 2.0. It Is also available
for MSI FLEX I.0, 8-Inch, hard-secotred systems.
For your 139.93 you receive JCP.CHD, the object code
file; a complete and extremely well documented
source listing on a text file; several sample
procedure files; and a user's manual with many
examples which show you how to use JCP's
capabilities. In addition to the step by step
directions In the manual you will find handy command
sumaiarys for both JCP and Its resident editor.
Other appendices fully explain the programs
characteristics, tell you how to edapt JCP to custom
systems and provide sample procedure files and text
editing examples. The Inclusion of an editor Is one
of the most Interesting features of Murray's JCP
since that feature Is normally not a part of big
system Job stream processors. JCP's editor builds a
procedure file much like the FLEX BUI LD utl 1 |ty.
This version however goes much further. It allows
you to execute or save the file right from trie
editor. Essentially, If you are working on something
simple you Just type In the procedure, exit the
Insert node and type "RUN,"

Organization
JCP.CMD Is a transient command that resides on' your
system disk when It Is not being used. "JCP,
FILENAME 'optional parameter list" Is the the format.
JCP(CR) will load In the job control processor,
place Its editor In the Insert mode and wait for you
to type your procedure file. A procedure file Is a
series of lines separated by a carrlge return. Each
line Is a JCP statement, an Input for a calling
program, a label, or a comment. Program flow Is
sequential, or line by line, unless JCP encounters a
statement that alters program flow. These
statements Include: GOTO, CALL, REluRN, IF-ELSE.
Two points should be made about those lines that are
to be used as Input for a program. First, If a
colon ":" Is used In the first character position of
the line In the procedure file, the line will be
returned without the carriage return. Obviously
this Is the way you want to type It when dealing
with a calling program that accepts Input on a
character basis. And second. If you have a
statement that you Intend to be Input for a calling
program, but It contains a group of characters that
could be recognized as a JCP statement, all you need
to do Is type a slash "/" as the first character of
the line. This tel Is JCP not to execute that line.

Parameter Substitution
Parameter substitution Is used to help generalize a
procedure file. Here's an example.

EOFF

ONERROR GOTO ECHON

. START

COPY 1, 2

. LI

GOTO LI

. ECHON

EON

ONERROR ENO

GOTO START

The procedure above Is not generalized. Everytlme
It runs It will copy every file on drive 1 to drive
2. If a file exists It will answer the FLEX query
"Delete Original? 11 with "N." But, what happens If
you don't want to copy your disks In the same manner
each time? It's easy to rewrite lines three and
five of your procedure so that It looks like this:

EOFF

ONERROR ENO
COPY Jfl, %Z
GOTO LI

Now, assuming that you have named your procedure
file COPY. TXT, you can execute It from FLEX by
typing JCP, COPY" I' O'Y. This command line will copy
everything on the disk In drive I to the disk In
drive 0. If It finds a file which already exists It
will tell FLEX to go ahead and delete the original.
Up to nine parameters may be passed to a procedure
file. They may be up to 30 characters In length.

Comments
A comment Is entered In your procedure file by
typing an asterisk "*" In the first column followed
by a non-alphanumeric delimiter. This allows you to
both document your procedures and send prompts to
the terminal.

Labels
Label lines are the targets of the JCP statements
GOTO and CALL. They begin with a period In the fist
column followed by a non-alphanumeric character.

JCP Statements

The following Is a summary of JCP commands.
COMMAND FUNCTION
GOTO LASELNAHE Branch to labelnaaa
16

suspend processing
suspend processing after next

continue processing

execute COMMAND If condition

BREAK
BREAKN
line
CONT

IFSET COMMAND
code set
IFCLR COMMAND
code clear

SET set the condition code

CLR clear the condition code

<n=strlng replace parameter n with string

IF $n=strlng continue with the next line tf

condition Is true, else continue at ELSE.
IFN Jn»strlng opposite of above

CALL LABELNAME branch to LABELNAME and

continue until encountering RETURN
RETURN return to the line following

the last CALL ONERROR command execute command

In event of an error

CLEAR clear the JCP error flag

ENO end the procedure

istrtng deliver string to FLEX for

execution continue with next line In procedure file
EON echo all lines of the procedure

file

EOFF do not echo JCP command lines-

calling program lines are echoed

^(uparrow) Is output as first character of

a line If the proceeding line was a processed JCP
statement

A few notes might help here. BIEAK Is useful
because It allows you to enter a manual mode of
operation In the middle of a procedure and tlien
return to JCP control when you are finished. For
example, when you need to edit some source code,
etc. If your procedure file contains an error In
logic and you find yourself In a dead loop, don't
worry. Just type control 'C. It will return you to
JCP.

Anofher Example
To Illustrate the power of the conditional branching
statements consider the following.

IF *l«ASM

|l«42

ASMB %]. TXT, 41. CMC

ELSE

IF *l«C0MPIL

In the above, If parameter number I Is Indeed equal

to ASM then parameter one will be set equal 1o

parameter two and the file will be assembled, etc.

If It Is not equal the program flow will branch to

the line following the ELSE and cheek to see If the

first parameter Is equal to COMPIL. JCP has several

Interesting characteristics that you should know

about. It can be used as a FLEX command within a

procedure file to chain to another procedure.

However, when the chained procedure Is finished

control does not return to he original procedure.

And finally, JCP does not use a memory end check

when loading your procedure file, nor does It cheek

fpr buffer overflow on lines, parameters or labels.

Be carefu I.

Conclusion
You probably won't realize the power of JJCP until
you sit down and watch It run your computer for a
half-hour of more with no operator assistance. But,
you'll soon find that your only limit Is your own
Imagination. With the ability to pass parameters
back and forth, say BASIC to JCP, to sort /merge,
back to BASIC, etc., you start to realize that If
you Interface all of your systems software together
using JCP as the common bond, that you will be
cutting a tremendous amount of time off of your
overall programming time. My biggest problem was to
come up with enough confidence to turn the operation
of my computer over to JCP for the first time. Once
I took that first step, I sat back and stared In
amazement.
'66' Micro Journal

fle:x user notes

sy ronald !». anderson
3540 sturbsibge court
ann arbor. ki 48105

Uell? Month 2 in the '68' Micro
Journal is upon me already. Of course*
there has not been time for feedback
from my first effort to have reached
me at this uritinsj* What foiiout is s
slight departure from ibs norm si
"Newsletter" in that It is acre in the
line cf sn article that could be called
an editorial. Perhaps this will help
you figure out "whsre I am coming from"
so that ^ou can understand my biases
toaani language implementations that
have floating point Riath packages.

scientific functions :n Assembler for
our "Math Package". These include
Sine* Cosine? Arctansent? Smiare root-
and Cube root. Our tfath Package? in
addition contains a nunber of "move" 1
routines that work with the math
routines to get data into and out of
the math working area.

Programming in assembler is -fine*
except that we end up with 80 page
programs. Ue have looked long and hard
for a compiler that would allow us to
"retire" our assembler. N'one thct we
have found to date has been suitable?
though 3 1.1 have been excellent for one
use or another. Most are discualif led
for iacK of floating point arithmetic.

UHAT PQ UE NEED?

THE PERFECT COMPILES
AN ENGINEER'S DREAM

For about three years now? I have
been involved with the application of
6800 based Microprocessor systems to
machines that measure and correct
unbalance in rotating parts such as
crankshafts? gears? flywheels? fans?
motor armatures? etc. Our uses include
most of the range of applications? I
believe? that are presently feasible.
Ue have designed sn analog input boerd
that can multiplex 16 analog inputs
through a program controlled gain
stage and a fast 12 bit A/K converter.

The inputs to our system include
PIA? ACIA? Analog? AC logic signals via
Hotorola input nodules? a terminal for
debug? a Keypads and s digital input
multiplexer of our design. OuLputs
include PIA? ACIA? terminal? dual 6
digit LED displays of our design?
various lights? and AC output modules
< solid state relays). Our most recent
addition to this list is a memory
mapped CRT display with both
Alphanumeric and Graphics capability.

Ue do digital filtering of
unbalance signals? rectangular - polar
coordinate conversions < both wa«s>?
vector calculations? volume
calculations for irregular shapes
including driil tips? circular sections
of silling cutters? etc. These
calculations reouire floating point
arithmetic. I've writen fast? limited
accuracy? limited srSunent range

'68" Micro Joumtl

First of si I? we don't care what
language we must use. Ue've programme*
in 10 (serious)*) versions of BASIC? a
mini PL/M? Fortran? A/BASIC compiler?
Forth? and STRUBAL+? (a structured
BASIC) and Assembler. All biit Forth
can produce satisfactory docunen latiofi
if used properly. In fact? even Forth
with enough comments can be reasonably
documented. Of course? most BASIC'S
are interpreters and thus excluded from
this discussion. Each of the compilers
that ue have tried have some excel lent
features and some poor ones.

Here? then is a list cf features

that would comprise our "Perfect

Compiler". At the end of the reauirsd

features is a list of some optional

features that would maKe a co&piler
useful for systems programming as well
as our dedicated applications.

VARIABLE TYPES

In order to optimize programs for
memory efficiency and speed? we feel
that the compiler shoule allow BYTE (8
bit)? INTEGER? (16 bit)? REAL or
FLOATING POINT (3 byte mantissa plus
one byte exponent)? and CHARACTER or
STRING of length specified at the
varaiable declaration or dimension
statement. We would prefer declaring
the data type rather than tacking on a
* or a % to identify string or integer
types. Arrays of at least 2 dimensions
sre necessary for each of the above
data types.

.17

^UNCTIONS

The strins functions of iiiosi
BASIC'S would b» useful for monitor and
CRT driving bpp! ioatioos* but Please
deliver ns fros. KTEiK A**, T *3 ) "wordy
notation" .

boolean operators for both BYTE
and INTEGER variables including AND*
0R« NOT* and XOR sre necessary far
control logic application's. These
operators should be spelled out and not
replaced with symbols in order to
improve documentation for sor»eone
unfamiliar uitb the language.

Ue uouid settle for the standard
four funrtion tiath operators with the
riOD (sodulo) divide function as an
extra. Parenthesis should be allowed
to specify the order of operations. A
nest level for paren's of at least 10
should be provided. Paren's should be
applicablp to Boolean operations as
well as srith&etic. For our dedicated
processor applications* Scientific
functions are not reauired* as we would
prefer to write our own m order to be
able to sacrifice accuracy and argument
range for speed.

BRANCHING INSTRUCTIONS

Me are practical users with
practical applications* and though we
Know how to write structured programs
as with PL/M and Pascal? we have
nothing against 3 GOTO now 3nd then if
it siftplifies 3 program or s.sKes it run
faster.

Loops should 3t least be of the 10
(limit) Nl» N2* STEP type liKe Fortran*
snd the inlusion of IiO-UHILE and
00-UNTIL structures would be desirable.
Ue must have a way to terminate a
loo* prematurely on a test. The
version of Forth that we have seen does
not have this feature? and some test
progress that we have written are much
slower than necessary because of this.

Ue have nothing against Fortran
but the relational operator as in A
»GT, B conveys no more inforaation than
A > 6 and there are three less
characters to type! Note that only
three characters (> < =) are reouired
for all of the normal conditional tests
with the <> used for "not eoual".

An IF-THEN-ELSE structure is
preferred to the IF-THEN* of course
with the ELSE cptionai. The IF-THEK
should allow any executable statement
rather than oust a GOTO. This hulrs
eliminate GOTO in the program.

RUN TIKE PACKAGE

It is iiiost important in dedicated
applications where EPROMS are used to
hold the program* to reduce unnecessary
aeftors usage. The structuring of the
run time pacKage bs a library of
functions that are only compiled if
used in the program is vera important
because it does this very well.

THE COMPILE OPERATION

The compilation process should be
a one or two step operation* renuiring
onlM a source text file to produce the
object file. It should not reouire a
source text to Assembler source to
Relocatable object to linKing load with
run time p^cKage. This sort of
approach produces good documentation
all along the waaf but four disK files
are produced for svery prosram. This
process taKes considerable time and
operator interaction with the terminal*
and it discourages polishing of the
program because of the time it
requires.

HATH PACKAGE

The floating point arithemtic that
we reouire would be accurate enough if
we had * digits* but 6 would be
sufficient for almost any engineering
application. A good feature would be
automatic conversion to floating point
where *i>:ed mode arithietic is called
for by mixing variable types.

VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT

Ue need direct access to I/O ports
in a way that is less cumbersome than
PEEK and POKE. A/SASIC and SPL/K
provide a was to define an I/O address
as a variable* by setting a pointer
before declaring or dimensioning that
variable. This allows access by
assigning a value to a variable
(output) or si»ply using it in an
expression (input).

_'68' Micro Journal

MISCELLANEOUS KEOUIKEHENTS

There wilt always be some
Assembler code reamred for critics!
speed routines • and 3 feature th?t
slows imbedded assembler code is
important. Alsot the compiler should
allow use of Hexadecimal nuabers.
Most of the compilers mentioned above
have this feature. Only STK.'USAL-'-
allows direct assembler code to be
imbedded via mnemonics. This in
conjunction with 3 function of STKUBAL+
that allows the programmer to get t'ne
address of a variable allows very
simple insertion of Assembler cooe.
A/BASIC allows machine < he:: ) code lines;
to be inserted proceeded by the GEM
statement. SPL/f. allows rtinenonics if
they are declared as literals whose
value is the appropriate dp code* as
4ftt LIT '7EH-' where H stands for Her..
Simple access to Assembler subroutines
is also important. BASIC'S USER is too
cumbersome.

In addition to these requirements*
the compiler itiusl be reasonably me&ory
efficient and run reasonably fast.
Motorola's Fortran» to choose an
example* is only about 3 times faster
than their BASIC interpreter* which is
about the slowest Microprocessor BASIC
around. There 3re now available BASIC
interpreters that run uuch faster than
this Fortran. A memory overhead factor
of 2 or 2.5 3s compared to the same
program in Assembler would be
acceptable. A/BASIC is sbout in this
category when used for the things it
can do. SPL/H is a little better but
has less features.

There is another efficiency to
consider? that is the efficiency of the
Source code. This is not Quite as
important as the other efficiencies and
the degree of self documenting of the
language. An efficiency of 3bout 10JI
for lines of code (Assembler vs
Compiler) would be desirable but less
is acceptable provided documentation is
good. In this Brest we find Forth to
be the undisputed champion* most highly
symbolic* and hardest to underst3nd
when reading someone else's program. I
hsve 3 pel program to find the prime
numbers from 1 to the limit of integer
arithmetic for the interpreters snd
compilers. I've managed to Set it

the

itjnsuages

end

ied.

It changes

fro*

uage

down to

the

Some

compilers

hsve

nted

that

allow

testinst

for

f3St,

In Fort

nt I

te the r-rue pro^rsrn

assignments snd

three

st f!f

lite ther 5

t3Ke

running in el! of
di sleets we've t.r
language to Lang
?lgonthm used,
features imp I erne
particular wsys
prlmslily that are
was 3b), f» to uri
with two vsnsble
lines of code, P.o
3bout 60 lines.

Which language do we prefer? we
really don't care. I'm not highly
excited sbout the Pascal bandwagson? ss
Ions 3s the syntax sllows seme
structuring of the frosjram. I would
exclude standard ftASIC because it
doesn't 3llow variable naftes and
lsbels. GOSUB 135 is n.eaninglessf but
GOSUB LlNEFEEIi is not. GOTO STAR T is
much »tor(? meaningful than GOTO 10. IF
DUMBER < , KAXIrtUK means much &ore than
IF Wn, STRUKAL+ allous these two
features very nicely. Pascal 3nd PL/*!
both sre self documenting snd sre
useful choices.

The ability to debug 3 progr*a is
of course slso very important. The
3bility to produce 3n Assembler source
listing only 3s required (liKe
A/BASIC) is vers helpful. Minimizing
the steps snd time invioved in
completion 3s discussed sbove slso
maKes for easy debugging! because it is
essy to sdd print statements 3nd reiriove
them. The svsilsbility of an
interpreter thst will sccept 3nd
execute the ssme progrant ss the
compiler is the "best of si 1 worlds".
This allows interactive debug plus the
speed 3nd efficiency of running
compiled code sfter debug is complete.
In fact* with this feature* the
compile process csn get 3 little nore
involved without csusing 3ny problems.

It goes without saying thst the
compile time pacKage must be compatible
with the disK operating system.
Ideails it would reference terminal and
disK I/O as external Jumps so that a
user could interface it with any disK
operating system by linKing it to an
I/O pacKage (program). The
documentation would have to spell out
the necessary information for parameter
passing and registers that need to be
saved in the interface program. The

'66' Micro Journal

_19

interface progra* could eunWin the
norpcssrvf file open and Cose routines
mth user - generated prompt. s:,rmss to
bp compatible uith the operating
system. STRU*AL> nas been uriilen in
tins uay for estx interface to various
operating systems.

80NUS FEATURES

curious to hear from others who *gree
or disagree with the r ecu ir scents
outlined here. Perhaps 3 repor-. on how
nans users you id be interested in "the
perfect collier" in soif.e future issue
of kftis magazine uould b* further
incentive for soneone to word on such 3
compiler ,

Some real bonus
nec*s«;3rv< for the deijica
but desiraMe to <^Uow
corn»i.ler for ^vstenis
engineering d*'ij?.n pro
disK file handling routl
time pacKage* full Scien
pacKsge. <*nd output for is
uould have to be 3n op
pacKsge perhsps 353m th
of the Aibrsry approach.

features not
terj ftppiicsiion
the use of the-
prc-sraiftrivng m
grams* uuulo be
nes in the run
tir'ic functions
atttnrS. These
tionsi run time
roush the use

Output formatting could be of the
Fortran type or preferably the type
used in STRUBAL+ in which the format is
specified in the print statement 3s
PRINT [?,3] . RESULT. / etc. where 7,1
specifies 7 digits total and 3 after
the decimal point. The output is
always placed in the output field so
that the decimal points align. The
output specification in STRU8AL+ is in
effect until another format is

specified* and so need not be repeated
for each print statement in many cases.
In the line of output print
formatting* 3 TAB or SPACE function is
convenient* ss is 3 POS function
(present print position). These Isst
items sre not of very high priority 3S
it is always possible to fall bacK on
BASIC for in-house design programs.
The interpreter node is better for one
time program writing ensw^y.

FINAL OBSERVATIONS

I sm sn engineer? and I realize
thst all endeavors of this nature sre a
conpronse. I an asKing for 3 "car
thst csn win the Indy 500 on 10 gallons
of gasoline" or some other such
analogy. I reali2e thst speed* saall
•enory usage* snd festures sre
contrsdictory requirements. Still* I
thinK there is room for some further
progress in the development of
compilers for Microprocessors. Perhsps
this article will serve ss

encouragement for soneone to advance
the state of the srt. I uould be

ABDITIWAL MFORtfATION 1

Since this was written; Lucidata's
Psscsl has been released in the final
version that has Real (floating point)
variables. Last month I published the
Scientific Function procedures that
uould Biept. our needs for balancing
aachines. Pascal meets most of the
reouirenients outlined above. The

arithmetic is 9 digits* and speed is
adequate. The sdo'ressing of I/O ports
must be done in a cumbersome tiar.ner
with PEEK and POKE instructions rather
than the easier way of assigning a
variable name to the address ss
described above. This can be lived
with. A port fcay be read into si\
integer vsrishle snd processed ss
though it were sn integer nu»ber. It
«sy be multiplied by s Resl number for
cslculstion purposes* so thst the
inconvenience is minor, The maJor
hsngup with this Psscal* is thst it is
3 true P code Generating Pascal thst
therefore hss 3 runtime Interpreter,
fn order for us to sell progrsms
Senersted by the Psscsl* it is
necesssry to license the runtime
pscKage for resale. I hsve ssKed
Lucidsts for information concerning 3
license and sm presently wsiting for 3
reply. Lucidata hss slso indicated
that they could leave out some of the
runtime features and maKe the PscKsge
suitable for EPRON use. The runtime
pscKage is about 6K. Our Scientific
functions reouire about IK more* (we
don't need all those in the Procedures
published last month)* and the
applicstion program codes very

efficiently. A vector calculation
program thst I had done previously
produced 500 bytes of P-code. It's
source listing was a scant page* most
of which was input and output
statements. The program in Assembler
that does this* is several pages long
not including the math routines
reouired. The debug ti&e was

.'68' Micro Journal

essentially that reauireti to Set the
*ro£rai» to coanle without syntax
errors. Once pest the compiler t it
ran.

Technics! Systems Consultants is
uorKina on a Pascal that will compile
machine code directly; and therefore
will not have the license probieiM but
perhaps will not be as efficient in
terms of runtime F-ecKaSe or code
senerationi I sluess I'll have to wait
ami see.

To be continued next month...

PATCH SWTPC OISK BASIC VER.3
TO RUN UNDER FLEX 2.0

BY RICHARD G. CAGLE

Appleval ley Day School
11103 Sagepark Lane
Houston, TX, 77089
713-481-3586 (after 6 pm)

Many of us who started out with SWTPC's MF-68 5"
disk system have lots of existing programs written
In the supplied SWTPC DISK BASICVER3... This
Basic Is slow compared to the newer fast Basics and
does not have random access file capability. It was
used with a DOS that TSC now calls MINIFLEX (altho
when It Is booted up In my system It calls Itself
•FLEX 1»- which TSC says Is the 8" disk version,
which Is confusing).

If you are In the process of switching over to
FLEX 2 and one of the fast Basics, then you know
what a pain In the neck It Is to keep 1wo different
DOS's active. It would be a great convenience to be
able to operate with only FLEX 2 00S, and not have
to keep two different formatted disks around.

In my own case, my business programs, which
required several years to develop and debug, are
quite complex. It Just Isn't possible 1o convert
them overnight, and the old versions must be kept
running to keep the business on track. My programs
are also Interrelated such that I can write General
Ledger transactions from the Payrol I program.
Carrying this concept over to the new fast Basic
versions means that al I of the programs and f I le
structures must be developed before I can start
using them.

As an Interim step, It Is possible to use SWTPC
DISK BASIC VER 3 with It running under FLEX 2.0. .
The FLEX 2 documentation provides some hints on how
to do this. Here Is what must be done:

(a) Locate In Basic ell uses of MINIFLEX
constants and subroutines. These are then changed
to equivalent Flex 2 addresses. The Advanced
Programmer's Guide for MINIFLEX and FLEX 2 contains
the addresses, which In all but one Instance are
compatible. The one exception Is the AC I A flag which
Is found In MINIFLEX, but not In FLEX 2, which has a
file Input echo flag Instead. Since my system uses
an ACIA I arbitrarily picked another location that
would always be non-zero - the end of memory
location. If you are using an MP-C on the control
port, you will have to do something else. See the
listing for a hint.

'66' Micro Journal

(b> The length of the File Control Block (FCB)
In MINIFLEX Is 192 bytes, and In FLEX 2 Is 320
bytes. Since Basic reserves space In the area also
used by variables, following the Basic source, then
the routines that make the reservation must be
changed or else variables will be overwritten In
the FCB area causing gross snafu!

(c) Since you no longer need to keep the
S7O0O-S7FFF area reserved for MINIFLEX, It can be
freed up for use In a system with continuous 32k rem
In low memory. During startup, Basic surveys tow
much memory It has to use by loading a SB3 Into each
memory location, end checking If It stays. It does
this from the end of the Interpreter untl I I $7000 or
until I memory runs out, returning a SFF. S7000 Is
MINIFLEX's line buffer and If we change It to SA080,
FLEX 2's line buffer, then the memory reserving
routine wl I I run Into S8000 and stop, If you are not
using port 0. If you are using port 0, you sltoutd
check to see what effects the writing of SB3 Into It
will have, or you may wish to change the line buffer
address In the program to S8000. I don't believe
there Is any other use of the line buffer, but I
have not tried It.

In attempting to locate all Basic uses of
MINIFLEX addresses, I used two techniques, one was
to use SWTBUG's *F' command to find all occurrences
of 170 or $71, then checking to see If these were
addresses or code. This Is the hard way and takes
too much time. It Is much easier to use a
disassembler and get a printed listing of Basic and
examine It. I used SWTPC's disassembler and found
that It was fairly easy to sort out the strings,
constants, and code.

The routines/constants used In Basic are:

System FCB (II uses, 2 of which were offset from
FCB start address), "HYSET backspace and delete, DOS
scratch memory, working drive no, line buffer and
I Ine buffer pointer, escape return address, ACIA
flag, WARMS, GETCHR, PUTCUR, PCRLF, GETFIL, SETEXT,
ADDBX, RPTERR, FMS CLOSE, and FMS CALL.

The program SWT.CMD loads each of the FLEX2
addresses Into the Index register, then stores them
Into the proper address In Basic as the program
executes. I found that this technique would be less
code that using the usual appended patch
technique. Note that the last part of the program
Is not executed, but Is loaded Into the proper
location for the patch. This patch moves the
routine that reserves FCB space (plus 6 bytes for
overhead) In the variable storage area. It moves It
to the end of Basic and also modifies the
$Ot4E-$OI4F contents which tells Basic where Its end
Is. It was necessary to move this routine, because
of one added line of code, the ' IMC B', which was
needed because the 320 (1140) length of the new FCB
Is larger than the 256 (SFF) limit of the 'B'
accumulator.

Although the Instructions for use are Included
In the listing, they are summarized as follows:

Assemble the program as SWT.CMD and put 1 1 on a
disk containing SAVE.CMD In FLEX 2.

Both MINIFLEX and FLEX 2 should be In memory,
you can transfer back and forth using the WARMStart
entry address.

to have the memory as
you should zero a I I

It Is a good Idea
'clean' as possible, so

addresses between $0000 and S6FFF. The ZEftO and MAP
utilities published In the now defunct Flex Users
Group Newsletter are good for this purpose.

While In MINIFLEX,
execute Basic.

use 'GET' to load but not
21

Exit to Flex 2 and call SWT.CMO, which will
execute and return to FLEX 2. Then use the SAVE.CMD
to save SWT8AS.CMD from S100 to J2500 with a
transfer address of S100.

Now anytime that you desire to use SWTPC Disk
Basic Version 3 under FLEX 2, simply type SWTBAS, or
rename It to some name that appeals to you I

To check out the old g t r J , be sure to zero
your memory In the range of S7QQQ-$7FFF. This will
Insure that you do not get random success from a
half and half Interpreter using some of the routines
In the old DOS.

IN CASE OF DIFFICULTY
Most problems that can be experienced will be
due to your having a slightly newer or older version
of Basic. Mine Is version 90. In any event. It Is
unlikely that the addresses that you want to change
have wandered very far from home. Load the
unaltered Basic and manually check the contents of
the addresses around the ones used In the 'STX
SXXXX' lines of the program, you should find the
mlnlflex calls to $70XX or S71XX within a few bytes
above or be tow.

The routines that reserve the FCB area do not
have a call to DOS, but are In the same form as the
'PATCH' In the listing less the "INC B' and 'RTS'.

A disk copy of this program, both .TXT file and
.040 file Is available front the undersigned. Send
your disk, self addressed return packaging and
return postage, or equivalent cash. Please Indicate
If your use Is business or pleasure.

Happy Computing

Richard G. Cagle
Appleval ley Day School, Inc.
11103 Sagepark Ln
Houston, TX, 77089

»2. EXIT VIA 'M0N' —
» REPLACE DISK WITH

* MIN1FLEX DISK W/BASIC
•3. BOOT MINI FLEX

*4. 'GET BASIC.CMD'
•5. EXIT MF VIA 'MON'
»6. 'M A048 AD' <RESET
» PC TO F2 ADDRESS)
*7. INSERT FLEX2 DISK
»8. 'SWT» —RUNS THIS

* PROGRAM

•9. 'SAVE SHTBAS.CMD,

* 100,2500,100'
•(SAVES MOOIFIED BASIC

* IN FLEX 2 FORMAT)
•10. DONE-N0W ANYTIME
» YOU WISH TO USE SWTPC

* BASIC VER. 3 ,

* TYPE 'SWTBAS'

3000

ORG

S3000

3000

START

BRA

START 1

3002

VN
•FILE

FCB
CONTROL

BLOCK AD0R

3003

START 1

LOX

JA840

3006

STX

J00EE

3009

STX

S0EA5

300C

STX

$0EB3

300F

STX

S20E9

3012

STX

$2188

3015

STX

J219F

3018

STX

$2 ICO

3019

FF 21

STX

S2107

•FILE

CONTROL

BLOCK NAME BYTE

301E

C£

LOX

SA844

3021

•DATA

STX
IN FCB

S21E9

3024

LOX

SA871

3027

STX

J2197

TO FLEX2

NAM
TTL

OPT

SWT.TXT
CONVERT

PAG

•PROG CONVERTS MINIFLEX
•SWTPC DISK BASIC VER 3
•TO RUN IN FLEX2

•

•WRITTEN BY:

• RICHARD G. CAGLE

• 11103 SAGEPARK LANE

• HOUSTON, TX, 78089

• COPYRIGHT

APPLEVALLEY DAY SCHOOL, INC.

•PUBLICATION PERMISSION
•GRANTED TO 68 MICRO
•JOURNAL....

•INSTRUCTIONS:

•0. ASSEMBLE THIS PROG

• AS 'SWT.CMO' ON DISK

• CONTAINING 'SAVE.CMO'

• IN FLEX 2 FORMAT...
•1. WITH FLEX 2 DISK

• IN DRO BOOT FLEX2

BASIC V3

1980,

•TTYSET BACKSPACE

302A CE

AC 00

LOX

SACOO

3020 FF

STX

S04D2

•TTYSET DELETE

3030 CE

LOX

JAC01

3033 FF

STX
•DOS SCRATCH

J04C5
AREA

3036 CE

LOX

SACOO

3039 FF

STX

S0C9E

•WORKING ORIVE NO.

303C CE

LOX

SACOC

303F FF

STX
•LINE BUFFER

S2IBD
POINTER

3042 CE

LOX

SAC 14

3045 FF

STX

S0EA2

3048 FF

STX

S1F66

304B FF

STX
•LINE BUFFER

S1F82

304E CE

LOX

SA080

3051 FF

STX

S0050

•ESC RETURN ADDRESS

3054 CE

LOX

SAC 16

3057 FF

STX

S0C7C

305A FF

STX

•

S0C8A

• THE ACIA FLAG HAS

•NO EQUIVALENT IN FLEX2.

• THIS PROG ASSUMES
•THAT AN ACIA (MP-S) IS
•USED. IF MP-C IS AT
•THE CONTROL PORT THEN
•CHANGE ADDRESS 043E
•(WAS BEO) TO BRA.,

66' Micro Journal

3050 CE AC 2B LOX SAC2B LOAD INDEX

WITH MEMORY ENO

3060 FF 04 3C ST< S043C USE IT

INSTEAO OF ACIA FLAG

•WARMS

3063 CE

LOX

SA003

3066 FF

•GETCHR

STX

S032A

3069 CE

LOX

SAO 15

306C FF

STX

SOI 13

306F FF

•PUTCHR

STX

S0458

3072 CE

LOX

SAO 19

3075 FF

•PCRLF

STX

SOI 10

3078 CE

LOX

SA024

307B FF

•GETFIL

STX

S052C

307E CE

LOX

SA020

3081 FF

STX

SOEAE

3084 FF

•SETEXT

STX

SIF6B

3087 CE

LOX

SA033

308A FF

•ADOBX

STX

SOOFC

3080 CE

10X

SA036

3090 FF

•RPTERR

STX

Si FCC

3093 CE

LOX

SA03F

3096 FF

STX

SOEFF

•FMS CLOSI

3099 CE

LOX

SB403

309C FF

STX

S0021

309F FF 00

STX

SOOJB

30A2 FF

STX

SIF19

•FMS CALL

30A5 CE

LOX

SB406

30A8 FF

STX

SOEEE

30AB FF

STX

S2150

30AE FF

STX

S210E

3081 7E

QUIT

JMP

SA003

•PATCHES FOR FC8 LENGTH.
• NOTE THE FOLLOW INS
•ROUTINES ARE LOADED

•BUT NOT EXECUTED

•MINI FLEX WAS SCO (192)
•FLEX 2 IS S140 (320).
•NEW ROUTINE IS MOVED
•TO ENO OF BASIC AND IS
•THE SAME AS ORIGINAL,
•(S1FB2), EXCEPT 46
•IS USED INSTEAD OF 376
•AND ■ INC B' USED LATER
•PROVIDING SI 46 INSTEAO
•OF SC6, FOR ALLOCATING

•FCB SPACE IN SOURCE.

•JUMP TO PATCH

1FB2

ORG

S1FB2

IFB2 BO 24 42

JSR

PATCH

IFB5 01

NOP

1FB6 01

NOP

1FB7 01

NOP

2442

2442 86 46
2444 96 47
2446 09 46

2448 5C

2449 39

'68' Micro Journal

•PATCH AT END OF BASIC

PATCH

ORG S2442

LOA A S46

AOO A S0047

ADC B S0046
INC B
RTS

(WAS SC6 )

244A

014F
014F 4A

PAT END EQU *

•CHANGE END OF BASIC PTR
ORG S14E+I
FC8 PATEND

END
NO ERROR (S) DETECTED

START

3031 START

SYMBOL TABLE:
PATCH 2442 PATEND 244A QUIT
3000 START 1 3003 VN 3002

HELP

HELP I

Where can I acquire a copy of Dave Gardner's
book "A Companion to Robert H. Ulterwyck's Basle
Interpreters"? William R. Hamblen mentioned this book
In his letter In the January Issue. I wrote to SSI
at the address given but have received no reply.
Looking back through the Index ot advertisers showed
that It Is a long time since SSI placed an
advertisement In Byte.

Thank you,
D.R. Gaskell
Falkevelen 19
3600 Kongsberg Norway

HELP!

Being a supporter of 68' Micro Journal, I
thought you might have a reader who could help me
with a problem. I bought the SWTPC Multiuser Board
along with their 8K HUB Basic. However I find that
It lacks the •PEEK* and •POKE 1 commends that 1 need
to use my Clock Interface an A/d Converter. If any
of your readers have added these commands to their
copy of HUB Basle or know the patches that I could
add to mine, I would like to get In touch with them.
This would probably moke a good article for 68' Micro
Journal 1

Thank you,

Steve Powers

Ph. 1-606-236-3538

having difficulty with a SWTPC MA-2A
ould some knowledgeable person be willing

CPU
to

HELP I

I am
board. Woul-

check It out for a reasonable fee?

Sincerely,

J. Korman

415 Barberry Ave.

Kalamazoo, Ml 49002

1-616-323-0637

HELP!

I have a MEK-02 Kit modified to a 40K Machine

running SWTBUG and PERCOM LFO 400 and PIRCOM

Superbaslc. The terminal Is a HAL OS 3000. I am

Interested In using the computer to make a hard copy

of beudot code (RTTY) reception from the amateur

bands. I would like to be able to run the terminal In

Baudot, Inputting Baudot via an RS232 Interface to

the computer and output from the computer to an ASCII

printer on port 5. Has anyone written such a

program, preferably In machine language?

Sincerely,

Paul E. Phelps WA8ZLJ

111 Division St., 19

King City, CA 93930

HELP1

Although I am writing this with SWTPC V.2
Cassette Basic, I have the TSC Editor and Processor
on cassette. However, I do not have a suitable
routine In machine language which will allow me to
have Hardcopy Output. Does anyone have a routine
that will work with my system they would be willing
to share with me? I have a SWTPC 6800 with 32K of

WE HAVE A 6809 FOR YOU

POWER SUPPLY

Modular plug-in construction with computer grade
filters and a 25 AMP rectifier bridge. Blower
fan is standard equipment. Alt con-
nections to the power line
are beneath the
safety shield.

INTERFACE

Convenient serial or parallel I/O cards have D8-25
connectors mounted directly on the circuit
board. Up to 16 interface devices may
be installed on the address decoded
I/O bus. Programming strips are
provided for input and out-
put baud rate selection
on each port. All
outputs are
fully buf-
1^^^. ^ fered.

CABINET

Rugged 1/8 inch alloy aluminum
base plate combined with a solid 1/8
inch alloy aluminum cover for unsurpassed
protection. All interior metal is conversion
coated. The cover is finished with a super tough tex-
tured epoxy.

PROCESSOR

The world's most powerful

eight-bit processor, the Motorola

MC6809, plus 2K byte monitor ROM

that is 2716 EPROM compatible and full

buffering on all output lines. Built-in multiuser capability, just add I/O cards to operate a multi-terminal system.

MEMORY— You can purchase the computer with either 8K bytes of RAM memory (expandable to 56K), or with the full
56K. The efficient, cool running dynamic memory used in this system is designed and manufactured for us by "Motorola
Memory Systems Inc."

PERIPHERALS— The wide range of peripheral hardware that is supported by the 6809 includes: dot matrix printers (both
80 and 132 column), IBM Electronic 50 typewriter, daisy wheel printers, 5-inch floppy disk system. 8-inch floppy disk
systems and a 16 megabyte hard disk.

SOFTWARE— The amount of software support available for the 6809 is incredible when you consider that it was first
introduced in June, 1979. In addition to the FLEX9 operating system, we have a Text Editor, Mnemonic Assembler, Debug,
Sort-Merge. BASIC. Extended BASIC. Multiuser BASIC. FORTRAN, PASCAL and PILOT.

69/K Computer Kit with 8K bytes of memory $ 495.00

69/A Assembled Computer with 8K bytes of memory $ 595.00

69/56 Assembled Computer with 56K bytes of memory $1,495.00

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 344-0241

*7%<"^ BIG

State of the art "Winchester"type hard disk with a data
storage capacity of nearly 16 Megabytes, makes the
SWTPC 6809 system the most flexible as well as the most
powerful eight-bit microcomputer system in the world.
The intelligent controller, using DMA data transfer, makes
maximum use of the "Winchester" capability. It is com-
pletely compatible with the FLEX9 operating system used
on the SWTPC 6809 floppy disk system.

CDS-1 "Winchester" disk drive with controller . .$3,995.00
Cabinet— matching our 6809 computer desk . . . 150.00

SOUTHWEST TECHNICAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION

219 W. RHAPSODY

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78216 (512) 3440241

memory, a CT-64 connected to on ^P-C Card, on AC-30,

an Anderson- Jacobson printer going to an MP-LA Card.

Thank you,

Jeffrey M. Craig

Apt. 912-3001 S. King DR.

Chicago, 111.60616

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING

SWTPC 6800 Cassette System with FADBIIG J450, Call
701-968-4525 or write T. Cartwrlght, Box 301, Cando,
N.0. 58324

0S0 I6K memory 2114L's socketed new S260 Call
701-968-4525 or write T. Cartwrlght, Box 301, Cando,
N.D. 58324

Percom LFD-400 and Super Basic for Canadian resident.
Canadian Dollars 500. K. Mltadera 514-697-9150
Mon-Frl or 514-694-1643 Weekends & Evenings

Swap Tektronix 545 scope with 4 plug Ins for 6800
floppy or $700. Jim Caraway, 11 Inwood Circle, Austin,
Tx 78746

HELP WANTED - GIMIX needs a good S50 bus technician.
If your are Interested In steady employment. In the
Chicago area, please call 'Bobby 1 at the telephone
number listed below.

NOTE; must be proficient In logical and digital
trouble-shooting. Also must have a good
understanding of the S50 bus and 6800/09
Interfacing. A good telephone personality a plus.
Come and grow with us I

Place, Chicago, IL 60609 - AC

GIMIX, 1337 W. 37th
(312) 927-5510

THE BIT BUCKET

Where all that 'good stuff falls.
Something for everyone.

For the past several months we have been evaluating
the 'Osborne' series of accounting programs
furnished and written by Great Plains Computer
Company, Inc., Box 916, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401.

The packages reviewed so far Include the General
Ledger and Accounts Receivable programs. These
programs are quite extensive and require a bit of
reading to understand all they do. To follow In the
near future will be Accounts Payable and Payroll
with Cost Accounting. They are merging data file
types and when combined make a very complete
accounting system of any 6800 or 6609 computer.
They are sold only In compiled form (TSC XBAS1C with
•BAC extensions), however, source listing will be
sold separately for custom modification. I would
hasten to add that modification Is not recommended
as they are complex programs.

Many worthwhile Improvements have been made over the
original series as distributed by Osborne. Mainly
In file structure and dynamic file allocation
(FLEX"), this eliminates file reorganization
programs and tine. Also the keyed-f lie/ISAM has
been enhanced. No sorting routines are used as al I
data Is stored In a sorted sequence.

We originally brought ours up on a TAN0 6800

computer with 48K RAM, one serial 1/0 card and dual

5 Inch, single sided mini -drives. We have found no
serious flaws todate.

In the last few days we have converted the TAN0 5
Inch version over 1o our 56K 6809 computer with
double sided, double density 8 Inch drives (SWTPC
0MF2) and have experienced no difficulty.

As of this time we have not carried our accounting
over to this new system. I hope 1o have our
complete accounting running In this package In the
near future. As we progress I will report the
results of our effort, as many of you have written
or called asking about the GPCC 'Osborne' series.
The best 1 can tell you now Is that with the results
from the sample data fl les Included by GPCC, we have
found that It runs well with no errors or bugs that
we can find.

For those needing a package that can be customized
for small or larger business application, this seems
to be a good one. The Instructions assume that you
have the Osborne manuals, as they are the primary
operation Instructions. GPCC furnishes a book with
each series that entails the changes and
Improvements they have made, but you wl I 1 stl I I need
the Osborne books to run the system. These may be
secured from: Osborne/McGraw-HI I I, 630 Bancroft Way,
Berkeley, CA 94710.

The price of each package Is approximately $295.00
each. This would mean that the average Installation
cost for a very complete accounting system would be
on the order of $1,000.00. Which by most standards
Is very reasonable.

Our overall evaluation so far rates a 'AAA' from our
lab.

OMW

A Basic TabSiriS Probierii

Some ' < e r s i o n s of Basic will
support TAB values sreater
327 or 328. This mav cause
troubles iF you are runnina
printer at IS. 5 cpi and are
15" wide paper. A cr/lf
• r cr may be automatically
venerated before vou set to the
end of the current line.

ri o t
than

'/nil

your

us ina

The

written
Version
t-o 1 uftin s
data.

attached program*

ijsins C o fii p u r e w a r e ' s

8.5 will print 21

and then G lines of

The technique is to handle
the data to be printed as
strinss and not as numerics.
You must surpress the cr/lf
following the Print statements
in lines 130 * 25* us ina the
semi-co 1 on . The POS calculation
in line 252 will taKe care of
the cr/lf! Be aware that if the
last character of the last
column 'buwps ' the end of the
printer some printers will
automatically aenerate another
cr/lf. If this happens Just
-telete line 252.

68 Micro Journa I

Continuing success t.o the
Journal. An article evaiuatins
an available UCDC- Pascal would
le vary he Ipf ul .

Gene Embury

Route 1

Pox 151-H

Morrisvi 1 le . NC 27580

OOOl

0002

0003

0004

OOOG

0008

0010

0012

0014

0020

0030

0-)32

0034

00 SO

0009

O 1 00

C I 1

0120

0130

0192

019S

0200

201

02 SO

0220

0230

_ t_ *P t—

0240
0230
0252
02G0
0290
C299
0900
0990

COLUMN „BAS

G. iurtirrv 5/2G/B<<

LET W=1C

SITING" V\

LINE>

LET C-2l::# !3F C3LJ^NS

INPUT "PORT ",G

LET H*~"Col . #"

FCfv >!-i TO w::«ai;« a DlanK iJh*

LET K*-" ""^X?

NEXT X

PRINT #0

■

; i r> rint h e a i j i n a

FOR X=i TO C

LET L**H«>STR«(X)+X*

PRINT M,L$;

NEXT X

PRINT #U

Prirr- column 3 of •jsta

FOR Y=l TO S
FOR X=i TO C

let h=:nt(Rnd*:oo)

LET HS=STRt<H)

LET L? = " "+H?. + X*

PRINT #Q,L»;

IF POSXC-1 >*W+1 THEN PRINT #Q

NEXT X

NEX'* Y

PRINT #a
END

Coming soon will be a monthly (I hope) column
devoted to tliose 68'ers who are non-disk type. This
will be headed by Mark Llbby, see "A Hobbyist
Speaks", May '80, 68 Micro Journal.

The response to his article has been favorable and
so I will make some space available for a 'TAPE 1
type column. The success of this will be YOUR
Input, for wltlout tape type letters and articles
Mark cannor carry the load alone. If you want a
tape column each month - THEN GET THE INFO TO 68
MICRO JOURNALUIII

Material concerning hardware as well as software
wilt be needed. A balance of all tape systems (and
speeds) will be attempted. Again, this depends on
you the user.

'88' Micro Journal .

So If we have been slack on tape articles (which we
have) It Is because we have received only a few, as
compared to other subjects.

Send a I I correspondence to:

Mark Llbby

3923 Lynncrest Dr.

Cleveland, TN 37311

An additional set of memory locations for tliose
amending FLEX" 09 for higher disk speeds (see The
MPI51/52 Disk Drives, by Dr. Bud Pass), May '30, 68
Micro Journal. These apply to FLEX" 2.6 as

furnished by SWTPC. IDEE5 change OB to 09, location
JDE82 change IB to 19. I repeat; these changes are
for FLEX" (SWTPC) version 2.6 only, the orher
locations as In the May Issue are for tliose versions
furnished by TSC and not ammended.

,:tfo/.~,//r„ C/«y !Mmt - 'K* 1 71>«t-3SM(ifi«. 6 pa)

Nhltiili*! '•miKhikiHK

3>r« ■ ■*■

■otjiicut ir»( tiriwT

OTut nacvMsaai . .„„ 28.I9S0

4ppl« valley hay School, inc. In waking available our fcualntu
prafiaat, "riLUn In SCITt 31 pa fealc.Vortlen J.V for 5"
flop>y diok <uid u-.it S*;TTi; CfOO «sr» , l*r. The praffAAA a*«
fccln* offered for u£« ly Mall s*ivlee taalneeaec, and can
to ronily changed, to O'jlt social requircaenta l*1hk ihe hint*
prtos-idtU lnthe anrreuito-J icurc* UaUftfe that a** furnished.
Other documentation provided iaelu-iea inetrucLlofta for sddaptlng
t* the uoer'a Bjrnten (two le four disk syattac BCMBXidatad.) ,
d»tAlJ HI* descriptiona. and ft tutorial. *dun»y" dftU files
at* Included oo that tne. tuton»l aaa bo run b*"'or* Uw ueer
Milan Ms datA into the flip*,

Tne p nan ran a were written (? ! ichaio C. Carl*, a Texan Fref/eaalcnal
Bnaineort and nave been In uu>* and cnni.loeutly Improved aver the
laai J yura.. The proemae arv Aenip «rl«ctrd.uao cktenatv*
operator prcapHna, and product report* on either tnt tenlnal
or iM) colu*n, port *?. porrellel printer, rrof.nvta and orleea

ft r«t

jAncu. - $25.00

***" . J25.00

ssraa u^rs - wi.oo

The Fay re 11 and Oopoett pr°t'ra»n -rite tranoacUone Into lha Cm.
L*ed«*r, which precludea *edundftW data vnUy. Tn* Cco.i^dsar alae
ineludta aa autonatlc aiwrtlutlanyd*pr*ciation fro(rea ud a
checkfcftok reconciliation procr^a. nil pn*fraai can to fRironmaad
as a pmekaca for tfiO.OO, whlen Urlwdta B6 P*sea of doomanUtlon.

Both TfrairiSt" and *Tl£X 2.0" varslona ar* awilahla.*"*
Ittailad scenario cf pn&nn operation la available fre«. t*rita ta (

ApTl,vali«y Da* Sc)mo1 - So/ttnr*
■ Richard G, Ca«l«
11103 ^*i»rt Unt

Koualon.Tt ,77D6C

' TTmt FiGL 2.0 voralona etill una SVtT^ DJ «K Bftftlo VoraJon 3, »*Voh fiomallv

runa under MlJftr"li3. The aoftaara patch to oonvart to fl£X 2,0 le available fr«i,

*6fl* Hlrro Journal
?018 HanllL Road
HlX0on« ttrnnvesov

I enjoy reading your ma&ai.in«. eapeclally th* progrnsui .

Close scrutiny of the "BASIC QECIHAX DOLLAP SUBROUTINB'
by John Tarvln roveala * flaw* The dollars «r« lsolftt«d
pi-ecluding any oarry resulting from rounding to the near-
est cent- Also i a carry cauaea the loea of the leaat
Blgniricant digit of tiie Cents.

The attached subroutlnt la oTTered a« an nlternnlo solution.
Although, the KaJiLnuia aAount le limited to t 9.999r999-99.

■^Jftck V. Johnson
2Sl6 Wood Creok Road
Midwest City. Ok

ccj John Torvln

_27

'■ ■.•VAi.IL M
*0.*> •,»*>.*♦, IV* »,.,*. sy>"i) f
'•.■■■ t li(.i«h]|>f * -~F*t< ImTI ft. 1 An<L> t+lWipi/\t,mn,tt .0051 » .5 .5i
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i ^i IF IT NUH5U. TMfn k l-l^iin ••L€N(L« I- t (,<>•*■. MfcfOHT «Il »*(*>•
J.VW L*.i^HL»i

.7. fi CWVLAft Af»XiUK;

£ rTr« »OH_Aft ftPW:^T

-•>FfcK n*LLOf. ftWJJMT?

■WOK* DOLLOP ftf**"JK7?

•.■aTT^ SOL LA A A«0IJNT>

£**«? TOdU.AR Ar1i?ljHT*r

SKtPa fiOU AR «0Wf»

*IMTP« D»>LLAfl Ar*) 1 *.!?

EJV + tR W.LAM ftHOL-NT "

fcUTSM OOLLAR **0U»»7'

uKTi"* WILL Aft flWJUNT"

FNTEJt DOU.AA AMOUM?

erei'S mli.aa ahount^

i r. ES HOLLAR AK0*hhiT*

F*JTFl» COLLAR ArW>7NT -

c*-Lft MXl AA AhVXWT *

«;riat* DOllAA nrt0'jwr>

\ rT» t>OLLA*V An>CnjN. r *>

1 6*' Mlcrojourn* I
SOU lla«il I 1 Ad,
P.O. Box ft.*
HlKinn, T*, J?)t.5

Dsar f,lrs,

5)nC« riy previous letter I have Seen flh 1 r la h«jvr< hftMCoOy frOr\
aiy TSC wor«j editor «n4 text Processor systpxt. !Mi It due tn the

help a' t»#0 fel low hobbylttt «ho »U4*e«te«J I u1r • printer driver

routine supplied with TSC* MI'IIFLCX wlthi »iy Caisettc iartwer«.

This letter Is b*t"A written uslrtfi lh*» a'iovo an.1 as yaue^n tell
It wrki very we 1 1 .
The NMIFLEX or Inter driver routine Is*

.111

• Cut

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tot! is

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The Jlj.ove Ift For d nrlntcr ( ftr>d« rsnn- Jac i>*>ton 1 On PO^TJ,
, 1 1nc»fiMy t

Apt

CNIcaco

R. lynn Soilth

2*<0S Joiib^ Orlvc

Clinton. Mil. 20735

/^/fil Cap f

.913 * JOOl S. KTnn Or. J/

Hey 7, 1980

0#»r Mr. WflllAAti

Well h«r« jo«i another try an turn and fort na.

What J'va enclosed U a col taction of entry points and
aito'ted comment* deaMng wl th convert Ing programs between

SSB's OOSSfl «nd TSC a FLEX.

ai you publish sore of those nifty utility and other
progr t h t**m, at least to *e. tnat there Is a real need
to get the conversion data for getting from one system to
the otr«er In a single place for easy reference. I have
tried to do ihli In the enclosed artlcia Slnllar FlCx and
OO^fifl ratines are grouped together with Che flfltry addresses
For each lifted side by tide, Differences between the
routine* that may affect convert lorn nave been noted, I
hivi *Tto tried to include enough background Information on
di si I" liar routines to £lve someone without a ProgfaffMr 1 1
Manual at leatt * general Idea of what the routine doei.

Tcie grouping of this InFormation In this torn has be»n
useful to roe, I ftope you and your readers will also find It
wo r t rtwr. I f e .

Please feel free to use this material as you sec fit.

Always enjoy getting the JOlJWUL. and loo* for-werd to
teeing some of the software vovi collected during the
contest.

Keep up the GOOO WORK.

Almost forgot. If you have any need to contact me 1
can be re ched during business hours at (202) 7S5.W97 or In
the evenings at home. <MI) 292-3821,

Sincerely.

s?S**„

fLEX/ODSBS < OOSM/TLEX

PROGRAM CmVtRSlON

SlnllAr Routine Addr«ll«t

R. Lynn Smith
2U05 Joseph Orlvo
Clinton, Maryland 20755
(201> 292-3621

In 9 more pcrFcct world we would not have to contend wit* all tiie
cully alndr irrliaejOAt we nave thrutt updn on uf In imi one
the IrKoapatabl illy at ine taviral M00 dl m operating tyitew It
a oood aiiampla. But than In that parftct world I'm rut at all
tvra my of 111 wo Id W nattlng around with anything at trivial
at writing software to parhapt we tfiould be content to make the
bait of what we do hum. What this It leading up to It a
FLCX/DQSoS convention I tat Ing which Jutt way help In converting
all that* MEAT proa rani tnat you can't ula becaut* your TSC * ux
and the program It S5B OOSbB or your 00SGB and the program li for
FLCX. Hoperully by grouping tleiller roullnai along with entry
eddreuet and rtgltter reQuTrementt for both lytttflit tldi by tide
Ufa can be made jutt a little more pleetent and the world a wee
bit more perfect ,

One of dry flrtt discoveries when I started gathering Information
for tnls article was that most of the user callable routines In
the two 00S systems, at you night expect, have quite tlnllar
countarparti In each system. They art aftar all both doing
essentially the tana job. unfortunately, there are a few eraai
where the two programs do not lend themselves vary will to easy
cony.rslon. Mostly these deal with random access filet. It

became obvlout quite early that random file convert Ion wat beyond
the scope of this article (and potslblly of the author too).
Therefore, what It presented below has been limited to programs
using SERIAL accat* filet only, Since most filet *rw this type
this should not Present most programm e rs with a serious problem.

Information for this article wat taken from Smote Signal
Broadcasting's 'Olsk System 1 for D0S&8 version S.I <S6000-S7i"ff )
and Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. FLEX Programmer' s Manual
for FLEX 2.0.

SYSTEM MONITOR (BOS)

Routines from fLEX end D0SM system monitors are listed below.
Converting most of the routines will Involve nothing more then
assigning the correct call address. A Few are a bit mora
Involved and for these I have tried to give a short description
of their differences. Each of the system 'user available'
programs has been Identified by Its functional nam*, the FLEX
address and label followed by the equivalent OOSM address and
labia. Those I lata without contents may be considered as belno
directly Interchangeable.

COLO START
WARM START
0OS U.ENTRy

5A00O COLDS $7290 ZC0L0S

SA003 WARMS $7283 ZW4RMS

SAO0B RENTER

FLEX Enters FLEX main loop without performing normal Warm
Start Initialisation. Entry It by a JMP Instruction.

INPUT CHARACTER FROM TERMINAL

SADIS GETCHR
SAD0» INCH
SA0OC INCH2

S'K-, 7.GET H
$7289 IINCH

fL£X GETCHR It the preferred Input routine. Son care thou Id

be exerclied In converting programs using this call since
Ihli routine nay alio be used to Input data from a file.
When converting program! from TIE* that call 0ETCMR uteri
thou Id be aware of thtt tacond Function and determine
that the program U, In fact, Being used for a tareitnal
character Input. If the routine Is uiad for a file Input
the addreit of the FCB will be stored at SAC76-JACJT,
otherwise tnlt addreit wl 1 1 be S00M. The Input Switch
Flag, at SAC]). It alto checked by this routine. If It
It non-iero than Inch! will be uiad to Input a charter,
otherwise INCH It used. GETCHR preserve! the t and
X-registers upon exit.

INCH2 Is the Input jump to the system monitor.

INCH It the vector Input.

'68' Micro Journal

ZGETCH ll the perFerred ehereeter Input routlna In OOSM.
The control terminal If called through ZINCH and the
routine return* with the Input character In the
A-regtster. Syltem parameter* ere honored by this- call.

ZINCH Is a Jump to the system moo! tor keyboard Input
routlna. It ll assumed that t^ewonltor will not echo the
Input cheracters and that the hoc! tor will save the fr and
x-regllteri.

OUTPUT A DCC1MAL NI.MB£R

SA039 OUTOCC

OUTPUT CHARACTER TO TERMINAL

SA01B PUTCHR
iaooe OUTCH
?AD12 0UTCH2

S72C1 ZPUTCH
|7286 ZOUTtt
S72CI ZOUTCH

FLEX PUTCHR Is the perferred output routine. As with Input
routines pijtcmr ti also capable of driving a 'Me **ei
the res address Is sat Into S*C2"i-MC2S. Tm» routine
also checks the Output Switch Flag at JAC22 and IF found
non-iaro outputs through 0UTCH2 etrrerwUe It uses OUTCH.
Registers A end X are preserved.

0UTCH2 Is the Jump to the system monitor.

OUTCH Is the vector output Jump.

D0S68 ZPUTCH Is the perFerred output routine. System

parameters ere honored and the control terminal port (If
AC1A) Is checked for a breek Input. If a break Is
detected tht program will Jump to the eddress stored at
YABORT, S730C,

The tector output Flag, YOSWT. at $7326 Is elso checked
by this routine. If the Flag Is non-iaro ZOUTEE Is
called end the character output tnrougn the systo*
monitor. IF the flag le iero zoutch is called It Is
assumed ZOUTCH. IF called, has btan previously set to en
elternete output device.

ZOUTCH Is the vectored output. ZOUTCH may be set to Jump
to en elternete output device's dlrver routine, however,
It will be reset to ZOUTEE by either e Want Start or

calling ZRESTR.

ZOUTEE Is the jump to the System Monitor output.

INPUT CHARACTERS INTO LINE BUFFER 5ADIB INBUFF S72SSZL1HE1

PRINT AN ASCII STRING SADIE PSTRNG 57ZA6 ZOUTST

FLEX PSTRNG uses a SO* to terminate the string. It also
outputs a earreoe return end e line feed prior to feeding

the string.

00SS8 ZOUTST uses e $00 to terminate strings.

ALPHANUMERIC TEST $A02t CLASS

PRINT A CR AND LP SA02U PCRLF

GET NEXT CHARACTER FROM BUFFER $4027 NXTCH

RESTORE I/O VECTORS $A02A RSTRIO

$729A ZANCHK

$720C ZCRLF

$7297 ZGNCHA

$72CA ZRESTR

FLEX Restores both Input and output vectors and resets to zero
FILE INPUT end OUTPUT eddresses. Preserves the A end
>- registers.

00S9S

Restores the output vector,
preserved.

trie 1 -re) liter [■

GET A FILE SPECIFICATION $A020 GCTFlt

FILE L0A0ER SA030 LOAD

Loeds e blnery file Into
essentially Interchangeable

$7291 ZFLSPC
$720$ ZL0A0

transfer eddresses.

pry. The routines ere
However. offsets end
If'used. must be eccounted for.

Fax

OOSM

The Loader Address Offset Is SACiB-SAC ic. The Trensfer
Fleg location Is 5AC1D end the Trensfer Address Is stored
at Sacie-Sacif.

The load offset, TOTSET. address Is $732E-S73ZF. The
transfer address flag. TTAFL6, location Is $7128 and the
trensfer address, YTaOOR, Is stored at S732C-7320.

SET OEFAULT EXTENSION

5*033 SETEXT $720F ZSTEXT

This routine will piece e user selected default extension
In the FC8 pointed to by the x-regtiter provided en
extension does not elreedy exist In the FCB. If en
extension Is present the default will be Ignored end the
routine will return with the FCB unaltered.

FLEX

Upon entry, the defeutt extension mult be In
A-reglster end the X-reglster pointing to the FCB.
the x-reglster will be preserved by this call.

FLEX OEFAULT EXTENSION COOES

00$ 68

the
Only

Oete In the B-regltter (extension code) Is transferred to
the routine with the x-reglster pointing to the FCB.

00S6B OEFAULT EXTENSION COOES

- BIN

k ■

• srs

S - BAC

. txr

i ■

■ BM

9 • OIR

- two

■ SCR

10 - PR?

■ BAS

7 •

■ OAT

11 • OUT

- BIN

ll - CTL

8 ■

TUP

1 - TXT

S - 6AK

9 -

, i

2 - SAC

6 - OAT

...

3 - BAS

7 - FOR

...

A00 B TO X. REGISTER 5*036 ADOS* $72*3 ZACOX

FLEX Th,« B-reglster Is destroyed on exit.

QOS66 The B-reglster conte.ni tht lower order Sua on •alt.

'68' Micro Journal

FLEX Cnter with X-reglster pointing to address of ?-byt«
nuatber. If B-register It newwero leading zeros will be
replaced with spaces , If B Is zero, output wltl start
with first non-zero digit.

OUTPUT A HtX NUMBER SA03C OUTHtX $72AC ZOUTrK

OUTPUT OISK ERRORS $A03r RPTERR 572A9 ZTYPOC

GET A HEX NUtfiER FROM LINE BUFFER $A0U2 GCTHEX $72A0 ZGETHh

OUTPUT A HEX AOORESS $A04$ OUTAOfi $72AF ZOUTKA

INPUT A QCCIMAL NUMBER $AOU8 INOCC

FLEX Gats a decimal numfc«r from the lint buffer and stores It.
to IC-blt Precision, In the X-reglsler.

CALL QOS AS A SUBROUTINE SAO-iB 0OCMN0 $7200 ZEXCMO

These routines ere only similar In function Conversion,
particularly from FLEX to 00S68, may be difficult.

FLEX Allow* FLEX to be treated as a subroutine, On entry the
buffer must contain a valid cow* and string with the
buffer pointer pointing to the first character. Upon
exit. OFM (or FHS) error will be Indicated by a non-zero
status of the B-reglster.

00S66 Calling this routine will cause the 00$ execute a eonwand
string pointed to In the Hie buffer. Programs called
must terminate In an RTS In order for control to return
to the original u »#r program. Hot? utilities do not end
with an RTS. out rather >P to warn Start. Routines
which do not end with an RTS will not work with 2EXCM0,

GET TERMINAL INPUT STATUS -. ■• S72C7 ZSTAT

00S66 Checks the control terminal's ACIA to see If the Input
register Is full. If It Is the Carry bit returns set

LOOK ArCAD IN LINE BUFFER

S7286 ZPEEK

0CS68 looks ahead one character In the line buffer and returns
that character In the A-reglster. The line buffer
pointer Is not affected.

ABORT COMHANO ANO GIVE ERROR

$7290 ZOIE

D0S66 Prints the contents of the line buffer, a ' " and error
message.

0EC0OE COWHAND NAME ANO JVHP

$7209 ZNAMJ

0OS6B Searches the user command tafile for a match with the
command In the DOS FCB. l» a match Is made It will call
the routlna as a subroutine, upon exit. If a nateh was
found the routine exits with the carry clear. IF a natch
was not found upon return the carry wl 11 be set.

JUW TO SYSTEM MONITOR -* .* $728C ZMOW

D0S68 Jump to system monltort MlRBUG, SWTBltt. SMflRTBUG. ETC.

FILE CONTROL BLOCK COMPARISON

In both $SB and TSC disk operating systems data Is placed Into
the FILE CONTROL BLOCK by both the user and the DISK FILE
MANAGEMENT system of either DOS. Functions performed by FLEX and
0OS66 FCB's art similar and for most programi will Involve only
s'lght program code modification to relocate data to the correct
FCB location and/or sodi'v the insturct ton coding. Tr-irf art a
coopie trees adhere files ere treated a little differently, so It
will not be possible In all cases to mear.y 'plug In the correct
numbers*. We'll try to point out these as they cone up.

OOSGB uses two sixes of FCB's. Earlier versions, before random
fllas were Introduced, used a ififi byte FCB, In later versions
progrannars using 00568 have a choice, sequential only files
still need only 166 toytei or random access files which require
320 bytes for the FCB. FLEX 2.0 files require a 320 byte FCB for
all file types. Slnea only sequential fllas ere being considered
at this time either size FCB may o* used In converting FLEX
programs to 00563.

The FDB's of both system are quite complax and capable of
transferring a groat deal of data to and from the 0f«. A
complete discussion of all aspect) of eorwertlon between FLEX and
00S66 would take com Iderebly more space and time then this
article will permit. Fortunjttiy,, most programs utilize only a
very few of the Features offered by thase systems. The limited
presentation given below, dealing with sequential files, should
be sufficient to convert all but the most Involved file handling
programs .

FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON

FUNCTION CXE (XFC -- OPERATION COtX)

BVTC $00
OATA ICO

Read or Write from/to file.
tf flia It open to read, a call to FMS will
bring next character back in the A< real iter H
[f open to write the character \ r , the
A-reglster will be placed In the Mia with a
call to FMS. Note this Is loraevhat different
than the method used by 00568.

00SG8

OATA SOI open file to Read.
DATA }02 Open file to Write.
DATA SO*. Close MTe.

BYTE $00
OATA JOT
OATA $02

OSOMW -- Open sequentlel Write file.

OSwRIT --Write Into a sequential file.

Must be Dieted In FC8 prior to eel Una OFM to

_29

write to i f I le.
DATA $os OSWC -- Close a sequential Write file.
OAT A SOk OSOuR -• Hum sequent 1« I Read Flte.
DATA SOS 3SREA0 •- Read I rat a sequential File

Must be placed In FCB prior to calling OF*

when Readlno a Fl la.
DATA S06 OSRC •- Close a seouentlal Read file.

CRROR COOLS <XES •■ ERROR STATUS RETURNED TO CALLER)

This byte Is Used by both systems to return
OfH trMS) errors.

AND FOR 0S68 SI USE X9-29488

NOTE THESE NUMBERS MERE MOT TESTED BUT SHOULD WtflK.

FLEX
00S B

BTTE SOI
OATA SOB

BYTE $01
OATA $06

Read east End or file.

£€0r -- END Of FILE.
ACTIVITY STATUS (XFS ■- FILE STATUS)

FLEX BYTE S02

Used by FLEX to report back the current File
status. A sot IF the File Is open For Read and
a S02 If It Is open For Write.

0OS6B BYTE SOD (IS)

Returns current File status. A SOi For sequential Read,
a S02 For sequential Write and a $03 For random access.

SPACE COMPRESSION FLAG (XFT
FLEX

FILE TYPE)

BYTE S3B (SS)

Allows space compresslofi to be used on ASCII
ty Flies. A $FF In this location turns OFF

compression (For binary Files) and a $00
through $7r (positive) value turns the
compression on.
O0S68 BYTE S0C <I2)

FIX -- Four types of files art allowed. A S01
For sequential ASCII ccmpressed. a S02 For
sequential binary, a SOU 'or Byte node random
and a SOS for record mode random.

DISK FILE MANAGEMENT

Calls to either system's OF* are ere essentially the same. Each
OfN (or FMS) has three user cans available.

1. Initialisation

2. I/O processing

>. file management closure

Neither the Initialization or closure routines require a FCB. (n
essence these are global calls which work on the Of* a9 a whole.

INIT1AII2ATI0N

FLEX Entry SBW00 FHS Initialization.

totalization normally will be taken care OF by the 0OS.
User programs should not be required Co call this
rout Ine.

00S6B Entry S"80 00FM .. Initialization Entry Point.

SSB' s manual recommends this call be made to reset
Internal 0FH Flags and clear any open Files.

I/O OfM PROCESSING

FLEX Entry S8UW FHS Call.

Upon entry the X -register mult point to a properly
formatted FCB. Deptndlnqon the Function being performed
data will be transferred from the A-reglster or placed In
It. Errors art noted by the stete of the zero condition
code bit upon return.

0OS B Entry S"86 OFM -- I/O Service Request Entry Paint.

Entry rea u l remeni* and exit register ttatls la the same
at fCexJ/o »"<.

CLOSE ALL OPEN FILES

FLlX Entry S8HOJ FMS Close.

Calling this routine closes all open files..

00S8B Entry $7781 C.0FH -- doling Entry Point.
Same Functions as In FLtx.

It hai 'not been my Intention to make this a lubiltltuta for the
riEX or 0OS6S system manuals. At twit It li hoped that this will

Erovlde some assistance to those who wish to convert programs
ut do not have both manuals available to them to dig the
conversion data out for themselves.

Most of the Information preieted has been taken directly From the
flex and 0OS66 Instruction manuals and therefore li assumed
correct.

ROY O CALDWELL
1365* BORA DR
SANTA FE SPRINGS CA

90670

DON WILLIAMS. EDITOR

'68'MICRO JOURNAL

3016 HAMILL RD

PO BOX 819

HIXSON. TENNESSEE, 37343

DEAR DON*

HERE IS A SHORT BASIC SUBROUTINE THAT READS THE

DATE FROM 0OS68

THE VARIABLE X9 IN LINE 9905 MAY BE CHANGED FOR
OTHER VERSIONS OF DOS 68. SIX
IE. FOR DOS 8 S1A USE X9-4S872

9900
9901
9902
9903
9910
9920
9930
9940
9950
9955
9956
9957
995*
9960
9970
•960
9999

REM SUBROUTINE TO READ THE DATE STRING FROM D0S.8. SIC

REM USES VARIABLES A9. 19. X9

REM DATE IS RETURNED IN D«

LET X9-54064 REM DATE STRING IN S0S68 SIC

FOR 19-0 TO 14

LET A9«PEEK«X9*I9)

IF A9»0 THEN 9950

LET 0«-Ba*CHR*<A9]

NEXT 19

REM THE NEXT LINE TEST THE STRING TO SEE IF

REM ME GOT THE DATE OR JUST GARBAGE

REM MIDKD1. 12, 2) RETURNS THE FIRST TWO DIGITS

REM OF THE VEAR WHICH SHOULD BE "19"

IF MIOt'Ds). 12,21 ■ "19" THEN 99S0

INPUT "ERROR REAOINO DATE ENTER EATE'M*

RETURN

END

Komi**™. coio« iu« suiaowTimi roe tw hdtomu mere cxmm 68

Toe J. Kajaee
1305 ftteaolle Drive
Sellsbua. KB 21891

I aa miaymina u »»I1< of a lubmliio (HUll) that lemhi hexlsostol
color SAC* far too ftobaxnU Mlere GbRme 68. HUKJ •evee aae reetorsi all
rofloUro. Mooovar, you My wish to etore tho X reeleUr la aeao loeatloao
other than sad 1. The taohaltsa of rmoolaa osiuaaeta ay voiu» au alao
bo applied to poor oob 6600 oubrootleei.

Tho ealllna' ooquooeo lot

OS aa
DB aa

cau. svesnrnn tun

xflvn sAoeesa

ldii lomi (o uuv p)

OOLOPAaTTHU *

rvrau op ammo* (o urn rr)

The ovbrouttBo snmeooso *r# do/lnod 04 tellvni

Lnr xukmh

lU 3-0

CulOA/PATTlOW

Sit 7 - 1

soleot llao auaeer

o «io top llao ea tho TY dlopU? (lot lino]

t • the bottea lloo on tho TV dloplaf (litt lUo)

selects SSTIGKAPflTflB POtfl eodo. laoh Fissure sleeoat
(nm) Is divided Use taw *»uel s*r»ie)on tm
luelnacoo of aaaa pact lo controlled by 01 U 3-0,

alto a-* - ooloot tho oalor of tho lUualaaUd ante.
000 • aiwen
Ml - rtUev
019 - blue
Oil - red .
IN • buff
101 - open

110 - •Moot*

111 - once*

Blto 3-0 - laalaeaoe eoatrol

0000 - Blaak cwumai.

L-U-LL, ■ Uluulsete the ■nmapmuUae' pan of too rlva
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SAVX TVJ A PJDtSTia
SAVE TNI I KG1ITTJ
UV1 X ■JGIfTU 3 LOC.
H0V1 IP TJTTO 1

x - nrrvm Attass
a • ma iaa!

Ktca >m 7-4

TOT KM LUrl UK

10 - COWVTI

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kill

B - mi nniiD

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32 • U«l

OOKFVTI DI3PUT AUDOSS

mrn cuMOi pobitioi
to otjiimj tat

A - 0Ou0lV>AtTUI

i • nmnn or ooumi
mmrw if u*o
x • ouAtkoa PuBTnot
cvmn PiziL
i - l - l
ctprnxvi umi i*o

'68' Micro Journal

mji

<xn

M)3

rVLB

rvu

ttffTOM 1X1 1 ttGHTtJt

Ihia MbroutUie U nlMUUt ud ou to wna t6u}UX tddiMa «ttv
tfaaa ox I *ltMM h*»l*4 to AuA W <rf »M Nti tot* nliM,

KUXt oaa ala* to aaad to part U« toa aour at tfaa Wg t—La > «f as?
llaa « toa iinur *jr aaa**f>w* tha «a>*r»p<Uto itoa tuaibar witb a
e»l***i oast of Mr*. Pa* e«**pto, to saaa tfaa Bnor, oaa Um ivJatf
with • am oalian Opart.

!nmm ttlB vaWevtiM m a toil*!** ttaak Watfb faraUir a

MtWCXI* <\b HavlaamtaJ. -lee- lata, la* adpta aaat to *xf mi m*l±T
KLXU w kw vmrUaml *o 1 ar aw*.

If re* ■*#» to hIhUwU «a*t a* nil aaaatfla LLae-i • 1M tT ttafUr
«Ltn a**ii #mitui, Um ihUh u« **a«*7batton toto to to* a*Ul*C
aayaaiaa to *1M fltn toa aaail afuamatoff to to aatjat. r« tnt^t, *■*
20 to mH ttuubn am tha Ute(a) aa**in*d. Tew. tn aatoaUj aatostawj
tot *lpfwi****ria *.ta*Ur a#4* ******** alt 7 af tto aalar/atttoB aj i t
ae,«*U pare.

Bato that tha s-usftAffllo KHfl pad* i«ini« la in •• n w >j —i— a
par 11**. Ttonfan. a taU to HLOT rttt a e*le**i aaami cnatoc tou
10 aUl mi w«i to to* aaal lto*. ma nail raaalatia af Um
miKmmm POO* a**e ta » » ♦* ata** a*** MB. la airt4ea Uto •
2il amtrta a* lUwUkW eawiar iba aala*/pattesm a-*artrU*a.

to iu»it af a «bU to HOT that trill Oca* a **il4 ana** ktatti
ladt line Of WW TV *l**JL*j la (Iva* toLni

Q1M

noo is oi oo *

Meg » os

cm* «r

OlOa •?

CIO? 30

010ft 7B Pft f 1

on (too

Jim mat

Ma »*3

n lor

a frr

a no

i» frost

D1IV A NDISIU OOAO) lit
Jt OKMW

jbtrt b* to thoo ami

fetorol* M06ft%7 flaa* CaaaJaj toi
Kara Ana 60, Tha Ba* "■*»•• fM

tiCUU» /**■
IvtoraU mi J il l

n rafto) Attof n

Jjfll M Ha—tat a H»*.
iavtlj. tl T*fll

t iMUMttati

iut -ti:t,i

#nd r*1frpn«* rout varlabla-ft vIj J'ipl#t*n»nii fr«« lh* 1 raejllttfl
4S€t #VM),S

Na •'•rl«bl« and Jrt* Ittili »UI h*«v CO to r*loc«led. «K«n eel ling
IS* program it It iu*1K>*r>T to da an

to roitoro lh# H*c* to lt< prtviOut SOtltlon.
y to rati uri# Juk* or Jill, but LB»i and land branttol ItPtWl •«*•

vi Li tf»n«rai» lo-ti( dliDlaofPfnts froa Ihi cwrmi PC •* oppsMd lo
16-tjH add>ffii«i< o*j«r«r(Mtrg thii no r*ioc«iion U >~«qvtr«di.

4. II la o* lo uta th« abaoluto aodrtaan of tha FLEX roudna vaclora and
antry p«lnta. ATtvr all, chay •■■« nol itial r*to«at«nlF anruay.

Mow for tha uli ftsicllon lliall. Tna 1BC BAtlC roqulrat chal tha oddraaa of tr<t vaar-
aaclarid U&a luiciloo la toni«1ntd In tha luo bytai pracidtna tha HtK and o' nonory,
in ILEX9 thla U location effl nan, and BASK aalntalnt 1c in aloli CC?9-:c2:, fhet
la. If you PICK location* CC2B-CC2C +■* . you e*t t^a currant FLEX ai>d of aaaory *i
aaan by BASIC. So 11 row »«vi to find tha and of wwry location (froi now on 1 -III
ealt 1t lC1CN0>y Ito followlnO BASIC tftluvriEa ctota It:

#U»htKOCC2«*l

Tf>>2)a*»Eta.<H1 f ««tlK(H2>

variable ta i\ov hat itia floating oolnt aguUalant ol tha MWNtt odtfraia, ind <an b<
uttd in any POKl ttataaani. So If you btv* hi* th* ado>a aa of your tatr tiatablar
ik*rout!n* In w-rlabla ll t yen* cap) aior* ll tn RENEW -2 and MtHENO-1 m<ii tha
loltowlnff HObfrui

n*lK!CI/2Jo)

A0*.rW
rO«l AD, II

ram AOfi.w

i tlH «autw«lant of lafl byia ol routlna addrtaa

■ It* »QoUal#ni of r»4*»t byto of «dd rota

i aut ad now n,ai nuMm-i

\ tin iton l# It byta of ^outlnr ■dtjr«ta

t *(M non riBhc byla of rWtfn* addrata

Mem irou can nil USR. Ito crouBL* li, how do row load your asaaablar aubrvulln* and
now do Vow 0*1 Ha addrvi* in fit basic start* ai addr* •■ 0000 and will uta uo to
Ihw and ol ataory if you lai tt. Tto telutlOfl la to load lha oaaaablar subroutln*
bayond ltw> and ol «o<a>ry, to that BaSlt wont overlay It. tn oihof word*, m aowa
lh« maiW addraaa danva^da ao that f>ara S% anouon asaae be-yond HfHEtaj to load
our roulln*.

aon yutiMi, (duer
M alcro Journal

301* Hwill M.

viiivg.Inrfftitt.)^;

ftrfl | -an I to congratulate yow lor your Unt naga<ln«. Ai lhli fid* Of the otaan It I
le*al4i*n difficult to traft tn touch -Hh Ml>at i* 40»ng on In t»,e 6400 world, and your
auigafi'ia It caMaiity an aacaUant way ot aoir>a it.

J anclotr ultrtik on 1h« UIP lunctlwi in eft* Fit ***)£ which nay prov* Ulf l u l ia 1CMr « ,
your rvtdtrt. HOwpuwr, | would b* gnrvfuL you could l*t «* know ir It It not tuMobl*
lor Dutil ie*1 Ion.

II w« only hrtau hou a*ny worda wa n**d. .. lift lorlunataiy w* dont, h It a*y lata a
whaAa »*«e throwojb att ol tha UN flla of your aataMlar prooraa to find out itt
•Ira. Tha toiutlon I adapiad wat to Inciud* a anall roiocator within ay aaaatotar
aubr-out Inr to thai vton 1 wanlad lo load iha US4 aaaaablar ] called 1c «■ a pro*
«raa (for attn»ta ***1.SVBt0Ull«.tltrl>. tha anTry pdlnt la wltlitn tn* ralocator wbUh
ratocalaa Iha actual auBroulino machine coda to man cor* cbayond H£axHB>. It la
than poetibia to load BASIC and run any proar** ihat utai thai W* tubroutlna.

fi M. iBi.u .i. in 1 1 1 li. !».. iss .m ic

Thw rvlocclar la a 12>llrwj
tin*, pwapi ftOKfrD down a*
•wferoul Ina'a aachlna coo*
line Itaatf la aonial.wjd I
Mi* two/oullna eniry point
a taapta ulir aubroulina m
fro* tha CT-cV wilhoul
rlrvfl tha utar to iyp« a c*
eoavutffi iha naM nCNtUP by
•nowol toaaa la lad fro*
it thin Horn tha i«rm
«xptcl* to fine lh* eca
l» nova th« oblacl coo* ba
by ooUn a airalghl copy

aaaaatlar ****nt« lhat coaoutat Ito tlta of your tubrav
that Iha lufrroutlna fit a Oayond *iMCND r r*Loc*t*a th*
ttartino st nrjlENft«l and dhlti. It attuati hlal tha idbrov-
twaan latota iop and bottom ir> iha taa* aodula. and lhat
la actually al I aba I TOP. Th* following, ilttlr.g ahowa
ith tna ralocatoi' in fronidha aubroutlna gate on* eharattai
Ing It t>«<k and oaaeat It dUactly to BASIC vlthout r*«wl-
riaga ratum). tha ralocator I cart I at ENTRY, arwj flrtt
tublractlng 601TOH-TOP fro* It. fhU will n*k* tuf* (hat
Iha new *HHtiP*l location for tha aaaaablar aubrouttria.

ol h£MEN0*t at Mrlth'ft-2 and P1Ef1EMb*l which la wrier* BASIC
location tor tha USA eubroulin*. Iha ralocator lhan procatda
twaan labaLe TOP and BOTFOH to tha loat* fro* ptPtCKftat on
ord by word* it finally raturna aorttroi to FLEX.

rtawe you we triad to uta ifiw U5a lu-.cli*. In BASIC 7 It *ar be a bit of a
tiaial** tl-ac tally ll you *r* nol totally ranltiar M tih fia« and Itt idiotlnc railea.
It n«adt a faaaoiiabi* «*«unt Of fidaXtng aroiaid with PEEK* and fOKIa, and* woril
of all, d «ont «ort 1t you dont hava thai ee*e«ib!rr routine loaded loaawharc In
your awporp.

F'a atfvant of tha 0609 natwt paailbta to um *«Xo*fatocjt Ing orogranslng aa a
talutton. fou wrlta tha imwjltr coo*, than you 'tlocat* tl to to*e Plat* In
tiorag* wht'a BASIC won't daatroy tl* iel up the rathiirto envlr ju aj u l and of!
you bo. Ftilt ■ill tound altnar v*ry ti«Pt* or *wm dMIIcult to you* depending
on now aucA FLU and aea««blar you tnow. Well, it It not difficult * In tact
It la quite aiapla. but ll involve* taa* deoata ol Mah prodefon wort, and
lh« rttul I it rewarding became FW en* ub iiUn oulia a ftealbt* toot to Put
tog*ih*r rour attaabltr aubrowi !»■*».

4wlo*ralocatlng prograwvlng |* writing atteablar proora*e* «htdh can b« loadwd
anywwa in nwwory and worh all iha »*•*/. In other wordt^ once It la 1n tore
you can aowc it around without aawing to pay attention to r»to*at1on ol addr*t«at
and other «arlabla Inlorawl l*n. In oractical lerov. If a*>*n« lhat:

). All raft-rtint;** lo labete thould b* ewMkt utlnp ralaliv* addraaalng.
for a»anole, on a thould wwr L(Ax Ca«ll*P(B af <F«P<7ve d to L0l LAefL
battwta \t will P*n*raca a ditdlicaawnt In r*l al ion 10 tha turfanl
PCraglatar, while tha tfiv will ge**rai« a r«4l 16 bit addr*tt which
unlet* relocated by www* tacrtiQue will re*ul r* mat I aba I to b*
actually loedad at tha generated add>nt tothcrwita the oreoraai will
nol wort J.

t. Local aontiani* and variable* thatild be allocated In tha ttach and
nol by ut* ol FCCt. FCBt ate. for a.aapia, if you uta I 16-blt area*
In your progr aw^ thwr thould b* aauatad to dltelace«*nt« from th*
ktacl bate at Follow*:

v«n eou

VAW EQU

lui tat

!.
I

aihart the progren ttartt, rw can r»»»r.» tpece In lh* tlack for thoia
variable* br Kaulrtg tha Instruction

HINLHtt

C9u

ItChTtfl

1*1

«CI«»

t»U

JCCcB
CM)6

Ilea and of aaaory aloi

do a raentry a (id re at

BASIC Slot lor AC1A addrati

thlt tacllon rtlocttaa Iha actual progrAn
to high mtttoty <b*rond aaaand) and reallocate*
••■end. tna progran being relocated alarta al
label TOP and end* at label BOTTOM., Arvyihlng
can b* inaartad batwwen ihoea two lab*Lt at
long at there la enough a«aoo available and
the prbgraa la awto-rwlecallng. It la advlidale
that TCP-UT^ON It *n awan crunbar at the retocalor
aovai word by word rtth*t than byte br byte.

LIX NFJUBB

UAX T0a*a£irgp],r,

itx riiracho

LtAT l,»

tn -?,»

LOU o^«aiic*>-idP-i)/2

LtAlt TtJP r p<t

LB4 ,k*«

BT» ,»♦«

LE-AU -T,U

•at if t«

Jhf MUTER

. e*i and of •eaery add rait

. aojuat for routine alia

. and tior* back

. g*i addreta of routln* atart

. and atore in n*Jtt»*>2 For

. iha BASIC Inttrpratar

. c^aout a routine alia (worda}

. point to acart oF routin*

. oat a word

. ralocata to high ,

• dacrawant aount

. and go dp next word

. done* back Co flaa

(Mi taction 1» Ida Prograei lo ba relocated. It auat
b* -holly included o*tM**n TOP and BOTTOM and ajwat
ill within lh* raojulrad or available aaaofy. the
Prograa aaown baio- gait a character Froo tha Ct-42
and patael It to BA1IC wla Iha USR facility to that
alngia chara<iar Input la achieved without the need
■ a oreai ralurn.

LBX ACIAM

IDA ,K

LIRA

Bit MTTJ*

to* M

get AC ia baia addrati

Bet content! oF control r*g
•Ov* right bit lo carry

Loop again until tat
now get tha character

'66* Micro Journal

ID*

NENCNb

sr*

-*,<

RTS

i Ml

EWO

EN1«V

B*l memory end

■ ton as PiriMtir tor US*

ind rtturn to ctltir
]w»* *fi cut, pM with Ol

end deMne the entry point.

if t hi t program It started at pCltX* It ntf b« an cut id Iron within BASK vl •
4$UBftOUIN.aiN {for utnelo], or alee fro. FLEK C*«»SUMOUTN.aiN), 1 h 1 m .till load
Iht user eubroutins and prepare It to fa* eiLUd vi« LISR fro* BASIC er»Sriw.
Ihi folloving sequence It a BASIC subroutine 1o prepare the envlronaent far a USft
reference. A tOSUS 32000 snould craeetfe tbe actual call to UsR.

wore and software Insists tKa t SIS (U/iK) neons "erase to end of
lire' — ind you kind* halt* 90 atonp. Similarly, nuch 6«W soft-
ware uses 510 .CTKl/P) for faone-up and $tt (CIPL/V) for erase-to-

•nd-cf-ptfe. There aren't any additional conventions reHiarfHr*)
Control Characters th«t I knot* Of (for reverse video, Scrolling,
paae-ctrtp, fwi-6ll«A, etc.). SB jrOu lei <**se wp to soit /©«r-
Hlf. The nofNllr-wAfd cUrKUrl lC»l., iSC, IT*. BS. L*\ CT,
VT, >17) should be avoided for fumy functions, of course, since
the/ *re already assigned standard functions in elt-wr the CT-M
or 1n eurJ) nandard software, ulttrtiryfc uses CTRL/0 ts the do-
fault fcS character in his early UASlC's, 10 that one? jhtMjId also
be svoloed for CT-M functions. Othen.lie the MUll-fltX and CT-
W manuals Should tell yow everything you need to knon,

On Cftldata. I'll Pass, riaybe so** toady otst cm help.

VO00 MUHEKC'CCZfl')

J2010 K2-HllI'CC2C'i

32O20 Tf**Z56«PEEKVn}*F(£K{>«?>

32030 Ii-iP*1

320O ZVlhT (»/{$«>

32W0 i2«Jl-2S6»M

3M0O AP«1P*Z

32070 POK* ALV.I1
32060 POtt Apt 1,2 7

$2090 itc rum

1 *(H ICO of nenory In BASIC

1 REM o*< MMnd address to r?

; REH aenenotl It the start of the routine

i REM Isolate left t»ie

■ MH liolete right bvte

1 REM this should be where routine oddrtsi

goes

: RW Lett byte of routine address

: RM riotvt byte also instrted

; REN ij«ar can nov call USH nUroudni

00* .JHIIac*

'68* MfcfO Journal

5?aP S. II. Dosch Rd. ,
Portland, Oreoon 072vl

.'ay S. 118*

Lmn 32000 through J203O vet the addraea of Htnfnp+1 (whlcw 1t by convention
.•here Ifie USR assembler subroutine ttena. and puts It In variable 12. Ltrves

320tC and 32050 isolate- the two bytes <left and MOM) of the address in
variables n and lit tMe 1s necessary because TSC basic does not hove the
double lenvlh PEEK end 09W routines. Line 52060 computes NEftEtab -2 (this It
whire lha routine etart addrvte ahould be stared lor USA to uarkl and sets
v^riabLe A& with SI, finally tines 3ZO70 and 3?080 vrita the routine start
addrcts Into AEHtHtW.

11 this /outlne 1a executed (for esenoie uiih a gosub) before «v*ry reference
to USA/ 11 will work o*. Houever, 1f the MtMEWJ enul roniwni la not chaneed
within the program or alteruarda^ 1t 1* enonflft to esaevte lines 32000-S2O&0
anlr ocHt, uy, it the beginning of the pro rem. Lines JZOrO and 12080 ***y
need to ba executed every tinm, to*ciaUr if Ap changes or H changes* I would
tjgotat calling thi uholi routine every ti«e Ithe ovarhead It not that big,
and In the case of the on*-crnra:ler intivt routine la barclty noticeable*

A saapte proaraa to iato the above BASIC subroutine follows. Ii reads one charatte
ire* the CT-A? and prints lit ASCII eouivelanti

10 PR1N1 'ENTtR CMARACtERl

IS COSUfl 32000

20 AAaUlRO)

2J A1*IrfTCU/2M>

30 PRINT CMfttui);'! ASCII

iO IF AlalJ TMEN STOP

M) COTO 10

1 lEK trftMrt to reed

1 REn read the character

1 P.EN isolate the character

1 HEM Orlnt charaecar and its mil

; H6M cirrlafle rtlvm ends orogran
1 REM reOeet

It Should not be necessary to type a carriage return after every character. In
fact, lha carrleoe return will terminate trie prograa. Note thai the a ■ stabler
gSR routine nuat ba rui before t>ita program Is run ao that the actual character
reed code tiro* label TOP to label OOTTOfl 1n ttia (itntttr Hating) it toaded In
high na*o«v ibeyond KMENP) and the cOrreilxxi ding iJSfl environa>ent set. Mote alio
that the USR subroutine Included at (irnoli does nol echiO tFta chjracter back to
the Ct-o? to that 11 ulll srlnt the ASCII value of any input character, be it
data or control.

V) liMuno tht ■•ejutAe* tp Integrate 4 new USH lubrout mi 1*1

1. Include the subroutine within labels TOP and BOTTOM In the
relOcator aodula« rePLicing the eveflple routine gsben);

i. essentia It, for ai»*pl», celling It SUflRTh.EilN;

3. before running your bee 1c orograe, run SXf8e>Th.8lN to eove
the routine to high core. It It ccaiibia to mcUxfa it
1n your STARTUP seouancej

»;. Use the 6AS1C subroutine (32000 etc.) end the sa"S>le call
sequence 1o actually access in* USR subroutine.

Alta.rttta Cur Hor.tr*
22 rh. r>.ASack
Ch.lfortt SE Piter
BuCkl LS9 OJQ
t90l«0<

n. s. RttcM,

im «.H. Mth Avt.,

Ctncsvl lie , Florida

Otir Mr. Rltdit,:

»fi»i

TOvr 'help' try «n tht rt*y, 19B* Hiu. of '6^ Blew Journal
has Uixrhtd rajr hurt.

The enclosed pojslble lolutlons for your CT-M OroMen ar*
prepared In the rem Of an article- — a copy of which IVt sending

alone to Don itflllaM, In case other people nay be svffertno fron
the sine Probleai. ItKh a report of one other In the world, I not*
conclude that I .ain't the only ore vlth this problefl

Kith rt*ar«' to PrM1<r< !. I'* HI Mr, 1 t « help. IV CT.M
it gettlno alone K vlth FICI 1. 1 for the CfUf.l »• em Mil jot
along fine with rest of the early (El aafti/are. Hitch ten fin.

Intermittent doubling-up of letters
when using the SWTPC CT-64 terminal sys-
tem can usually be traced to one of four
causes -- two of which seem obvious and
are usually not the case, and two of
which are less obvious but possibly more
common .

The first of the more obvious
causes is true key-bounce, from weak or
contaminated contacts in the keyswitch.
This cause is not very probable, as the
GI AY- 5-237 6 encoder chip in the KBD-5
keyboard has a fairly effective debounce
circuit. If true keybounce is the prob-
lem, an alternative to repairing or re-
placing the bad keys is to increase the
debounce timing resistor (Rl) value from
680 k to 1 M or so. Sooner or later, the
bad key or keys will have to be replaced
or repaired. (Repair requires a steady
hand, good eyesight, a magnifier and a
pair of long, skinny tweezers. Lacking
any one of these or a lot of patience,
the owner should elect replacement.)

Another low-probability cause is
the repeat-initiation timing being too
short, as from a diminished value for C7
(220 uf). The actual delay can be eval-
uated by deliberately holding down a key
and observing the delay before it starts
repeating.

A higher probability is an "encod-
ing strip" (stiffener) broken loose
on the bottom side of the keyboard. A
sharp blow to the keyboard, aa from kids
banging on it or from a falling object,
can break a solder-joint. Since these
strips do some of the bussing under the
keyboard, an intermittent can cause se-
vere "bounce" when the keyboard flexes
under the stress of keystrokes. The clue
here is that the "bounce" will occur for

'fift' Micro Journal

a specific group of keys (like 0,L,+ and
;) associated with a single column of
the encoding matrix. In my CT-64, the
damage was caused by an instrument cart
going over a bump, bouncing the CT-VM
monitor down onto the keyboard. It was
months before I found the microscopic
crack in an encoding-strip solder-joint
that was causing all my problems.

The last probable cause only shows
up in systems in which the keyboard
input character is echoed back to the
terminal by the computer, and the CT-64
ECHO switch is kept down. The clue here
is that the doubling-up only occurs in
the display, and the computer never sees
doubled characters. The problem is in
the latching ECHO keyswitch, which may
chatter as other keys are struck. If the
ECHO line pops high for just a micro-
second or so, the terminal control cir-
cuits will respond with a local display
of the keystroke, and later with the
computer-echoed character. Clue: If the
problem never occurs in 'local' (ECHO
switch up, RCVE/XMT switch down), look
to repairing or replacing the ECHO
switch — maybe with a toggle switch on
the panel in one of the locations pro-
vided, or with a new keyswitch. For a
quick-fix, hang a capacitor on the ECHO
line — a microfarad or two — to swamp
out any momentary "opens". I presently
have a chunk of lA-gauge wire physically
holding the switch down -- but still
have occasional problems, and will con-
tinue to have them until I take my own
advice !

We have received a program written end sold by Dale
A. Chamberlain, 7701 meadow lark Or. , Godfrey, IL
62035, which ts a BASIC cross reference utility.

It Is current only available tor TSC BASIC however,
we understand that It Is being updated for XBASIC
also. We have tried It on XBASIC (see example) as
well es BASIC and found It useful and a worthwhile
addition to the BASIC programmers set of utilities.

It will work with both 6800 end 6809 BASIC source
programs but Is written to execute on e 6809
machine. The selling price Is about $25.00.

It Is also being offered by the Computer Systems
Center, Hazelwood, M0 (see advertisement this
Issue). Interested readers should contact the above
store or the author for complete details. We will
run a review after we receive the XBASIC version,
which seems to be the most opuler of the two
versions. But to say the least, the fellows In our
lab who program In BASIC say It Is a tine software
tool end well worth the money. They all agree It ts
a AAA rated software offering.

10 REM FIND MISSING LINES

20 REM ALL FIRST LINES MUST HAVE A '/'

30 REM THEREFORE THE LABEL RECORD SHOULD

40 REM START WITH A •/'

50 ON ERROR GOTO 280

60 INPUT "FILE NAME - NO ,EXT",X1$

70 F$-XI$+».TXT"

80 OPEN OLD FJ AS I

90 N$»0

100 INPUT LINE #1,01$

110 Wl$="/"

120 l*»l

130 P*=INSTR(I*,QI$,W1$)

140 IF P**0 THEN Q0T0 240

150 FOR X*=1 TO 5

160 ON ERROR GOTO 290

170 INPUT LINE #1,01$

190 NEXT X*

200 N$»Nf+6

210 GOTO 100

220 CLOSE 0:CL0SE 1:P0KE 52233,10

230 EN0

240 PRINT CHR$(7):PRINT

250 PRINT "**ERR0R** 0CCURE0 JUST PRIOR TO THIS REC0R0I

- ";N*;Q1$
260 PRINT:PRINT"N0TE: CORRECT ERROR IN EDIT AND THEN RERUN 1 1
270 GOTO 320

280 IF ERR"4 THEN PRINT "NO SUCH FILE I - TRY AGAIN"
290 IF £RR=8 THEN PRINT"N0 ERRORS F0UNDI»:G0T0 220
300 CLOSE 1
310 GOTO 60

320 PRINT;N*=N*+I: FOR X*=l TO 6
330 N=N+l

350 IM^UT LINE #1,Vi$
360 PRINT N*,V1t
370 NEXT K%
380 GOTO 220

CROSS-REFERENCE OF PROGRAM ERR

05/20/80

•■••ERROR**

".TXT"
n/n

"FILE NAME
"NO ERRORS
"NO SUCH F
"NOTE: 00R
01$
F$

91$

R
ST

m
wi$
x

X1$

60 CALLED BY
100 CALLED BY
220 CALLED BY
240 CALLED BY
280 CALLED BY
290 CALLED BY
320 CALLED BY

250

110

290

280

260

170

70 80

120 130

130

90 200 250 320 330 360

130 140

100 130 250

130

350 360

110 130

150 190 320 370

60 70

310

210

290 380

140

160

270

4* TRftCK FCRKFiT FOR MINI -FLEX
USING wRNGO DRIVES

THIS tlflV BE DONE BV MAKING THESE
CH8MGES IN THE NEWDISK. CMO.

DMW

'88' Micro Journal

W27F FR0J1 23 TO 29
82C7 FROM 22 TO 29

.33

02FE FROM 64 TO DO
0307 FR0:1 22 TO 28
034E FROM 23 TO 29

r„ o. ton *ai<»

Ml]*vue< KA 91009

NOW SAVE NEWDISK, 230, 5FB, 200. VOU CAN
NOW EITHER REPLACE THE NEWDISK. C»
WITH THIS BINflRV FILE OR RENAME IT AS
Y*J CHOOSE.

ONE CHANGE 'MUST' ALSO BE MA3E IN
THE

MEMORY LOCATION
FROM 22 TO 24.

DOS SYSTEM. THE CONTENTS OF
7A75 MUST BE CHANGED

IF THE DCS SYS IS LOCfti LJ> IN
CONSECUTIVE SECTORS STARTING AT 0101
ON THE DISK, 8VTE 1:31 ON SECTOR 3112
MUST BE CHANGED FROM 22 TO 28.

FOR THOSE THAT DO NOT HAVE A
UTILITY TO MAKE THIS CHANGE, A SHORT
PR0G3AK FOR IT IS IN FIG. 1. PUT THL
IISK IN DRIVE '0', USE THE MCN COMMAND
AND HAND LOAD IT. SET M A048 TO 0100
AND HIT 'G'\ IF THE PROGRAM FAILS TO
READ OR URITE THE> SECTOR PROPERLY THE
LETTERS 'NG' WIlL BE PRINTED.
OTHERWISE THE PROGRAM MILL RETURN TO
THE DOS SYSTEM.

'M* Hicr» Journal
6111 Alrveye Sow lev* rd
CN«tt*Jioo9», T»rw«ra*« J7«J1

Centlaeent

Doofl any reader lertoufly doubt th»t NiuixTue mi Oie MOO buiinoefl
fc*C* J- J yeere oom«r«l to I hi cc^petltion? It* noa-qroupvil antry points,
and placement or porta and ecratch oeoory d»ed cantor |n the fftoaory mar, have
toeofl a aarLoua ebatecl* to development of lirqar, Mtl capable ayetaeia.

It H*a «m radaeaine. (t id Ufa, hgwivvr. (t c*« aerve aa a horrible *K4»ylo
whan the tip* cotKK to dovlae nan 1 tor » Cor tho 6B09 and 64000.

aJcaiia '6fl' Keoaalna aatuna laaderehlp to try to let eoe* alniaol atandarde?
Soeteerui other, than hardvera a*nufac*ar*r» Mat do thle to Provide tJ*
nac*l»«ry objectivity,

A* j 4tartl»f pH&tti ^o wwuli ai^eet the fallOvinu [vr .A* tfOtl

1, Assam the ant Ira block fr©» 3P00O to ifTTV (or tho nooltof and other
Ei>icm, Tftli Hwuld ?We rceacinabli rreedoe to uh thle epece, with provtsloa
(or itutiv veyrtotl.

2. nako all eeaentlll or frequent entJ-ln* to tonlur auvoutlnea through. »
vector table atartlao at IfOOO . EttUG i could aorvo a* a odal for 1MB, but
alnuld be expanded ,

X. Midi* that all eddraeeee ire fully dacodad taecept -.ha iiioh and of the
"P" block where Interrupt veexore may dictate otherviee) .

e. t-Jac* porta abov* SETOO In ardor to leave M»lama aP4» tor contleitotii

5. if (laalbla addraealnq, >a provldodr the above corn Id. nation* could ba
adhered to ae Long aa RAN ho* available to It a max I bus .wMi«uoua hlaelc
tnm eOEO up to, may JETOO .

6. DO not out disc ocerdMna; ■yilv*a in Lou amory .

7. Plica acratcfi MM for opa rating ■yeiooui at aa hi«*i e.r> eddraea aa P0«*lble.

fl. Purnlth *ourco Hatine* of acnltoci to poreit e«ey edKeownt of the
above paraaatarB, or I'rovlde eoe* floats to «ii#P* to different eemary titn,

Tho above le twjrdly perfect, but ehould «etvv u a quid* Co ovoid eooei of
the detloietKlaa In oik praaent erateas.

to check your results soot up the
;ys:e« again and check kehirv locstio.'*
r a75. this location' should noij rl\\\)

NOTE: THE DISK MUST BE IN DRIVE 'Q''.
RLSO, TO INSURE PROPE? OPERATIC
NEWDISK A DISK. COPY THL DOS SYS TO IT
SO THAT IT WILL START A T SECTOR 8101
IF NO BAD SECTORS ARE RIJG'KTED 6EKU2EN
SECTOK 0101 TO SECTOR 0112 ON THE
NEWDISK OPERATION, NO PROBLEMS SHOULD
SE ENCOUNTERED.

DOS PATCH PROGRAM
LENGTH 47 IVTES

A7 O0
8D 03
7E 71 03
BD 73 06
26 01 *
3S

CE 01 2D
BD 71 18
20 Ei
4E 47
04

: i\ t ** V. {,

0100

CE 01 12

0118

0183

FF 7? 5E

011A

0105

CE 77 40

0UC

0103

36 03

aur

8188

A7 OO

8122

010D

0124

010E

A7 03

0125

0110

3D OD

0128

0112

3»" 23

012E

0114

A7 BS

012D

011S

86 OA

812F

FRANCIS E VAN HORN

418

ESTES STREET

MURFRE

, TN

37120

Holph Roberto
P.O. SOX BSGfl
AehevlUo, North Carolina

Plrat Rlihta

ANIMATION OH A STANDARD TERMlWAL

RaLPh Roberta

If your tocaiinal rum Cast (llJte «ina at 9600 baud) It'*
*i*y to conite up with ioao pretty lrxtaraatlny animation eKocla.
You can develop »o»e neat eubtoutlnoa to odd to teniae and ao
tortft.

Tho «hort yroyra* In thla article Mill print a cannon out on
your video terminal and causa It to lire at a target. The cannon
and target reneln atatlonary t>ut you aeo the fnusile flash and the
ahell'a flaunt. Thla cannoneer never atlaees ao the target will
aJ.Mays explode.

Some of you hot proy r«aualng typea out there ahould be al>le
to really come up with dome great effecta jalnq thia technHuo.
1 'm working on getting a little atick mart to run acroaa the
screen tt^aell.

'68' Micro Journal

KM PROCHESSI 1 l a

TMi ?c°9r«> la wrlttan la finoxa signal Baale. Tha function
Of cha CUR* coo»«ndfl ara aa follow*: CHRSU2I claara tha aoreen,
CHRS(OT) la tha bell, CMRSI08I la oacX.pice, CHRS126I «p«c»a tha
curiae ul> ona line.

If your laralnal'a apvad la llomi than alna, chanqa ma
langth of tha wait cooaanda. you nay also changa tha apaad of
tha cannon ball by doing tha uat thing.

Naturally, thl. won't work on hard copy — 3uat on CRT'a.
Try thlt little proyraa Aaxt. tlraa you'ra Juat goofing around and
a«a if it 'Elraa' your laai,| Inat Ion.

BOOl REM nil CANNON ANIMATION PROGRAH ill

0002 KM 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 » 1 icy Ralph Roberta II I I

11007 PRINT CHRSI12)

UOOll LINE' 200

000* PRINT TA»m I J -ARTILLERY TEST RANGE" i P. TAB< 361 1 ■ I I I PIRINO

0010 fOH X-L TO elP. INERT*

OOU FOR X-l TO 7«|P.".').»EXT X

O01S FOR X-l TO ilF.INDXT s

0020 PRINT "III (lull*
0022 PRINT " OO "l
0025 PRINT CKRS126II
U0i« PRINT TA»l70)t'TARCET"jiNAITl

0029 PRINT iP.lP.lP.TABUOIlirOR X-l TO Ji P. CNR) I 21 ) I INBXT X
0010 PRINT "•' 800MII "•)

0021 PRINT CF1R.I07JI
OOJJ PRINT " II "|
0014 WRIT it

0036 FOR X-l TO ISiPRINT CURS 1081 1 I NEXT X
0034 PRINT ' 0*1

0039 WAIT .4

0040 POX X-l TO 5
00'2 PRINT CMRStomi" 0*1
0043 WAIT .4
U04J lit XT X

0050 PRINT CHRS<08|l" 1 1 IXAPONI I I *l

0051 rOK X-l TO iiP.CHRS(07)!!NtXT X
«052 WAIT 1

0055 FOX X-l TO 11

0056 PRINT CKX5I0S)! .NEXT X

0057 PRINT " "l

0058 WAIT 5
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0062 PRINT TA»( 10 1 1
0071) PRINT CHH»{2blt
0071 PKInT CHHv)2blt
0071 QOTO 24

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PROGRAM NAME! Jlllll
EMI C tMMANH RELOLAtUFI

rHIEl FRGURAH F.LIHTHA1LS THL 'NU r

I uklt lir I Ml NUHMRS i:UHHAND I fill"!
lilt ClinHANti Iflt'lt OF IIIC'S EllIIQK

FAR II* FlHAFl, FLEX l.O. 11 AlUUStS TIRl
COrtNAND TAULE FOR INSCRIINO IHC '1|C IIDnMANO
AT DIE LOCATION REOUIRE1I Rr I1IL tl'IIOM'6
CRflNANll EN1RY PROCESSOR. ( I .E. At PIIAOETICAt) T J

IT ELIMINATES THE 'NU' COMMAND 1IT
IjIiII lltlll IIIAt FORT ION OF THE CUnHA.N0
lAFLt I'ttUH tllE *EI* FORM OP THE DELETE
l.lph AND 10 ItiL* NUMBERS FORM OF THE
HUNBLK9 ClINNANIi DIN* 5 HENDRY I.OCATIfNIi.
THIB I EAOCI ft 3 MtMOKY LOCAT1UN 'HOLE ■
PEVUEIN TIC 'DELETE' AND 'D' FGRN [IF ThT.
OF IUI liELLIE CGMMANC ItO 4E 102321.

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•Afl' MICRO JOJfiNAL
301B NRPill ftomtt
f. O, Bon 84?

Hi n*on • rtnnmii 373-13

Pt**r I"L':il4

What »n axel Li nd t>laa*ura to discovar *68' MlCrtU JOURNAL. It saaaad
tkat atiovt t-tcrocoBp-ut tn» 'ubllciL.orii w»r»i for tha aoat r»art*
cuvirlni tha lort poi*u1>tp ns-n 6U00 t*v«*>Ca*. Of couraa i thav «w»t.

In tha Hov. /!■(?. L»»g» I found ■ ami utvful rrolnn •fubitLttad 6>i
lir. Art U«llar. Uhll* it wafti I think' a»aclf tcillu writtan ror
TSC'a Editor far u«« ulVh Miniriwx- It axtintft Jlo irivsaa' cone*M
or tha *nc eaii«n4. Thank* to both Art and J1b» 1 hava arrllad
Art'* iroini to m# Flax 1.0 A0B and TSC Editor and *uC»lt (hat
«>dl-i ric utvfllcation for othir F1«k 1.0 ui«rt ■

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run Into * llttla rroblan. Qaaft* tha 78C Editor Ilka* tha
labia to tap in al^hahatlcal ordar. I cho*a to dalata .trwj
intnd to ffiika rooa for tha *1iC ooaaand In tha tabla. I
lad dlipcti-K r*>Maclna tha 'NU' coaaand tabla antrv with tha
*and tabla ar.trw ar-fj racaivad SYNTAX ERROR'* for aw troubla.
r* that tha Edi Lor eaarcha* tha coaaand labia only through
attda whU'h l>adin with lh« «■■• lattar of tha alpl^abat a* tha
BRiurHti* Thl* n>a*t>a E oaadad to rvarranaa tha coaaand tabla.
m whorb rTolrii callad JlFFLE lattarhad) uhirh aa*a»tiallw
varylhina doom flva moru location* froa *02«£ thrauuh
Ihi* licatrDwi tha cDhlaht* or aaaorw lo rati on* 40265 through
tha "NU* coaaand tabla antr-v. It alae laavac a tiic*
tha coaaand labia for tha 'DC mtrM at *02-l6 through 40332-

1.0 which

Uith JlFFLE and * vfriian of Art Uallar'* xroini for Fla
1 callttd EPPATCH (attachird> hir# is all «ou dot

1. FaT-tch Editor irito apaorw utihd 0ET.EDIT.CN*

3. JIFFUC *hould ba IricLallad ■• a coaaand. So tha
nvMt Bt»n» la tu iNtculi JIFFLE.

3. EDPnTCH i» a bimru p*ottrh fil* and naxt star
U th(J«t OET.EtHPATCH

4* Final in f to **v* tha who la iml
8AUC.NftUF.Dt 0020, 1871 '0200

5. Ir4.>t*}] HtuCC and ^pui n*va vour kodlfiad aditor.

Hh nincarr •furn-Litlon to Jia and Art* for thaw did tha hard work.
Tuu cnr> bat whan ] Ml u» And Main* with FLEX 09 I'll aaka thla
aocflf iration to tha T6C Editor alio. fhjfika for a r«na ■inairtti
dfur onlw racalvlna two itiu»i I aa vrv lap»ra*aad with lh» aharlna
that it. t«>.trttl r-laca and tha oualitw of tha natartfl],

Slncirtlv wour* i

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HOVE UP THE 1A6LE ONE LUCATl.
REACHER LAST [ME 10 N0UE*'

IF niit, niwr R*ibTmeb
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PR00RAN NAHEI EDPATCH

ESITDR-TO-DOB AN0 RETURN

FRDH N00./DEC. 14 . '69' ARTICLE
BY ART HELLER. REFERENCE ORIGINAL-
ARTICLE ADO. 197? IBBUE '6B' DY
3114 TNOnAB.

APPLIED TO B- TSC EDITORi C0PVRI0NTE0
197C USED UITH FLEX 1.0 ON 0HAFI
APPLICATION BY JOHN TARWN 13/79.

THIS E0II0R COMNAHD PR0UIDCS A NEANB
OF CXECUTtHO DOB CHHtHHtB DIRECTLY FRDH
THE EDITOR. EDITOR I Etna COMMAND TO THE
DOS COHHAND DUFFER AND TURNS CONTROL OUER
ID DOS. WHEN THE CUMflAND IB COPIFLEtEDi
DOS RETURNS CONTROL TO THE EDITOR UIA
A UARN' RE-ENTRY.

CAU110NI THE NU' FORK OF IHE 'NUMBERS'
COHNANII HAS BEEN IIELLTLD FRDH THE Flit 101)
C0NHAMD TABLE 10 ACC0N0DATE THE 'DC
l::if.HANt. TD JSL THE 'HUNKERS' COMMAND
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ENTERED.

SYNTAX 1 DL* dot COM."!* lm*>

EDITOR AQDRES8 LOCATIONS

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Applevalley Day School, Inc.

Offering Our Own Business Software
In SWTPC Disk Ver. 3.0

PHOORAMMCfe
RICHARD O. CAOLl

1 11 03 laaaeurk Lani

Houston. Tn. 77080

713/481. 3SSS

6800/6809

Modem Program

with Disc File Transfer

instructions and Source Listing $25 00
Disc with source and object, add $10.00

Specify 6800 or 6809; 5" or 8"; modem port number
(serial Interface); SSB, MlniFiex, Flex 2.0 or Flex 9;
swtbuc, smartbug, cmxbuc, or SBUGE.

Microtime

Circuit board and

documentations $ 35.00

Assembled and tested
(push button set) $ 95.00

Assembled and tested
(software set) $105.00

AAA Chicago Computer center

120 Chestnut Lane

Wheeling. IL 60090

1312)459-0450

Dealer for Glmlx, SSB. SWTPC and TSC

Sea GIMIX Ad Pages 3 4 48

OSBORNE BUSINESS PROGRAMS

This ENHANCED IMPLEMENTATION of the Osborne
and Associates Business Programs is the only Im-
plementation available with the full capability of the
original Wang Minicomputer version.

FEATURES INCLUDE:

* KEYED FILES to eliminate slow searches and
sorts.

* PASSWORD and MASTER PASSWORD PROTECTION
to limit unauthorized access to your business
data.

* SELF-PROMPTING to perform data backups.

* NEW MODULES for additional usefulness. A Cash
Journal program, terminal configuration program,
file initialization program, sample data base, etc.

These programs are now available in compiled TSC
XBASiCon both 5" and 6" floppy disks. All programs
run under FLEX (tm) 2.0 on 6800 or 6809 Computer
systems. System requirements are 46K contiguous
RAM, 132-column printer, and two floppy-disk drives.

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE $295'

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE $295*

GENERAL LEOGER $295*

PAYROLL with COST ACCOUNTING Late September

* SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY PRICE $100 each, good until

July 15, 1980

Great Plains Computer Company, Inc.

P.O. Box 916, Idaho Falls. Idaho 83401

208—329.3210

68' Micro Journal

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARD

8K LOW POWER RAM KITS 100 BUSS

USES 2716s

Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED ft TESTED
ADD $30

SPECIAL ?71G EPROM'c (450 NS| Arc S14 45EA Wrtti Abov* KM

7 Any or alt EPROM locations can be

disabled
6 Double aided PC board sotctor-ruokod,

■ iin-»creened
9 Cold plated contact i-nfler*
10 Lira elected EPROM 5 automnliCAiiy

powrwed down for low PoWOt
it Fully butler cd and bypassed
12 Efl»y «nd (lutck to CBiemblo

KIT FEATURES

1 Uiee *5V only ??16 (2Kx8t EPROM i

2 Allow* up io 32k or loiiwnre on line'

3 IEEE S-100 ComprHible
*. Addressable as two indepondotii 1&K

btOCjia
5 Cromemeo oxlendedof North»Tnrb*iK

galecl
8 On boa>d wmi state circuitry >f needed

16K STATIC RAM KIT-S 100 BUSS

PRICE CUTI

s 225

KIT

llllllll

iiiiiiiiiiiiiin

21L02
(450 NS RAMS!)

*119»

ASSEMBLED i FULLY
BURNED IN ADD $35

Thousands of computer systems rely on this ruggtd, work norse RAM
board Designed lor etror.free, NO HASSLE syslems use
Blank PC Soard w/Oocumentallon - $29.94
ADOsio I Low Profile Sockel Set • $13 50

FOR 4 WHZ| support ICs ITTL & Regulators) $9,75
Bypass CAP'S (Disc & Tantalums) - $4.50

FOR

4MHZ

sM- e -

LOW POWER - 300NS 8 FOR

2114 RAM SALE! " 4

4K STATIC RAMS MAJOR BRAND, NEW PARTS,

Those are the most sought alter 2114s. LOW POWER and 300NS FAST

S FOR $44

16K STATIC RAM SS-50 BUSS

PRICE CUT!

■ B llllllll

BOARD BANK SELECT cwcultry ICio- „ r __.„_ „,,,,.-.. .,,

, SumosnV) Allow, up to S13K off ImC BLANK PC BOARD W/DAT AJ33

KIT FEATURES

1 Adomssblea* f*ui s*p*p*ui AK Blocks

7 ON SOARD BANK SELECT circuitry ICio-
jnemco

3 Ulil ?1 14 <«S0HS)4K Sialic Ham* niAJ ... F|| ( CfirKPT "SFT i1!

4 OH BOARD SELECTABLE WAIT STATES L0W PROFILE 50CKF.T SET »1Z
6 Double Sldad PC Board with soidet maifc end SUPPORT ICS 8, CAPS-$19 95
ailk screened layout Gold P'nled contact HnH»i»

8 All eddrew siid data Imei miiy auilcrod ASSEMBLED & TESTEO ADD $35
t K,l include* ALL pail* nnd sack*)*

t PHANTOM li lumnrrsd id PIN 87

5 LOWP WEr nnuei 15 erne* TYPICAL Irarn
ine *9 Voll Buss

10 Bienk PC Board can be populate*! ee any
multiple of 4K

OUR #1 SELLING
RAM BOARD!

*,«_*. STEREO!

S-100 SOUND COMPUTER

*e*vr
BOARD

COMPLETE KIT!

*84 95

(WITH DATA MANUAL)

Al leal an S- 100 Board ittoi unleeane* IM tun power ol two

unbelievable General Inslritmenl* A Y3.r3*10NMOSnnmpuler
•ound IC'» Allow* you under total •ompurei eoiitrol IO
generals Mr^ inllnue number or special sound affect* lot
games or any other progiam Sounoscon becallecmBASC.
assembly language sic
kit features

■ two ql sound computer ics
. four parallel iao ports on boaro
• uses on board audio amps or tour stereo
. on board photo typ1no area
- all socm1s parts and hardware are included

■ pc board is soiuermasked sri k screened with gold contacts
i easy outck and tun to build with full instructions

■ uses programmed co fdr maximum system flexibility

Oorli Bute and A»iembliV Language progtemmlng ccemGilo* sfc Included
SOFTWARE
S4A - r* new svallaMO' Oin 80un d Commend I anguAOe mote* wiling SOundElfectS programs
»SNAP.SCL"al*olneludirtrW,tiri*»lor Regrsloi E*nmlne-Mo<*tv Memo! E. amine. Modify
and Play .Memory SCil - * avaiteljUr on CP M' comrtaUWecuikellenf ?T09or 3716 Diskette
114*9 270* >l»»5 >U6 S39MO.BH.il- include* ino louice EPROM S are ORG »i

iooon

BLANK PC —
BOARD W/OATA
$31

FULLY STATIC!

FOR 2MHZ
ADO $10

i i ¥.iMf 7f 1 1

FOR SWTPC
6800 BUSS!

KIT FEATURES

i AddierUAble. on 16K Boundaries

2 UlM 3114 Static Ham

3 Fully Bypassed

4 OOuhto sttfod PC Bono older mask
end Stik scioenod lAyour

5 All Putt* and Socket* included

6 Low Pttwu* Under 1 5> Ami's Tyiwcitl

BLANK PC BOARD- S26 COMPLETE SOCKET SET— S12
SUPPORT ICS AND CAPS-S19.95

ASSEMBLED AND
TESTED - S35

16K EPROM CARD-S 100 BUSS

■ ■■ I Miff] 1

HIM

BLANK PC BOARD- $28

USES 2708'St

rmrTT

Thousands ol personal and business systems around Irw world use Hub beard wilti
completo sallslaction Put* 16K ot Software en tine at ALL TIMESi Kll Icaune* a top
quauly soldcrma«hod And »•! St ,4C(OC^PCI PC boaid and first tun prtil* and sockets Any
number 01 EPROM locations may be disable 10 avoid nny memoiv conlllcl! FuHy
bullernd and Mas WAIT STATE capahihtlits

ASSEMBLED AND FULLY
TESTEO - ADD $30

OUR ISO NS 2708 S
ARE SB 95 EA WITH
PURCHASE OF KIT

RCA CMOS COMPUTER CHIP SET

INCLUDES

1-COP1802CD CPU 1-CDP1661CD VIDEO IC

2-CDP1822CE 256 x 4 RAM 1-CDP1B62CE COLOR GEN

1-CDP1858CE 4 BIT LATCH I-CDP1663CE SOUND GEN
COMPLETE SET S45 limited oty

NEW! G.I. COMPUTER SOUND CHIP

AYS 6910 A* iBBiutod m July 1979 BYTE' A lafii «1 1 cji I iy pokverlui Sound 6 Muiuc
Ganefaio^ Perfeci roi use wiih nny g B>i Mlcrotirocossoi ConidioB STarwCnnnneis
NOdsfrGonoraloi 3 Chan neU of Amplitude Control 16 bit Envelope Pernod Control, 2-9
6.1 Psirallel I/O 3 Dlo A Converter a plot much more" All m one 40 Pin DIP Super onsy
mteiiecc to ibe S- 100 or oiher bi»ic«
SPECIAL OFFER: $14.95 each Add S3 rot 60 Page Dntn Manual

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) r

P.O. BOX 401565 * GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 ■ 1214) 271-3538

TERMS. Add St 00 postage ne nay balance Orders under Sis add 7S<
tinndlmg NoCOD We ticcopt Visa and MaslorCharflc Tc» Acs arldSSi
Tax Foreign OrrtciS lexcepi Cnnadai fltld S0*» P S H 90 DAy MOnoy Back
Guarantee on all Hems Orders over $50 add 85c (Or Insurance

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH
'68' Micro Journal

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA. THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE.

JPC PRODUCTS FOR

6800

COMPUTERS

r*ir2S

AM^K

.* ■ ■

■ff^^F^-

■

* • * *»

' ■* -■■».» « IH 4 * A * *

High Performance Cassette Interface

• FAST ■ 4900 Baud Loads 4K in 8 Seconds!

• RELIABLE - Error Rate Less Than I in 10* Syles

• CONVENIENT ■ Plugs Directly Into The SWTPC.

• PLUS - A Fully Buffered 8 Bit Output Port Provided

• LOW COST - $59.95 For Complete Kit

• OPTIONAL . CFM/3 File Manager

Manual & Listing $19 95
(For Cassene Add! S 6 95

TERMS CASH MC or VIS* Shipping * Kin dim B S I 00

Order Phone (505) 294-4623
P.O. Box S61S
Albuquerque, N.M. 87185

6800/6809 SOFTWARE

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE #1300

Produce financial reports, print checks, special control letter Reports
by vendor number. Invoice number, aged and history lite Auto soiling
of vendor and invoice dies Plus check and pre check jour-
nals $600.00

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE #1500
Produces financial reports, prints statements, produces reports by
customeraccount number, invoice by customer account number and
Invoice by invoice number Print aged report and trial balance Keeps
history tile and auto sorting ot files $600.00

GENERAL LEDGER #100
Program updates to ledger tiles and also generates reports on
payroll, sales, accounts payable, cash and expense statistics
Balance sh eel and profil & loss reports Information can be generated
tor year end taxes, 941 and W2 forms. $595.00

INVENTORY II #700
Produce inventory reports by description or vendor, print activity
reports lor one day. one month or one year Quick search by pari
number, produce total inventory and financial report (For one
store) S200.00

MAILING LABLES #100
Print mailing labels from your complete lite, lor a particular c ty or
stale. Use one-part mailing labels $ 50.00

MAILING LABELS #400
Same as #100. but also prints labels by names Use multiple-part
labels

BASIC— 093S
For those with applications In SWTP 3 S BASIC Runs on 6809 and
6B09S 30% faster and can be used with existing 6800 BASIC
programs No manual commands and statements same as SWTPC
BASIC 3 5 Ideal to keep you going while changing to new BASICS 5V<
<y 8 inch 09 Drsk. with renumber routine S 59.95

Available Irom Computer Stores or order dlrecl from

Omnl-Tronlca Inc. 1897 Rt. 33, Concord Square.

Hamilton SO.. NJ 08690

Phone 609-890-9197

• .Customized programs lor your business requirements- ■
Charge your order to your Visa or Mooter Charge

f 6809 — DATA FILE MAINTENANCE A

STOP writing dinky little programs for all the
one-lime changes (o one item on a data file
START bringing up new systems without long
weeks of programming

The General Data File Maintenance Program
can add. delete, insert, and modily data on any
file you have' I The powerful security allows you
to restrict modification of data already entered
This soltware tool will save you days of pro-
gramming effort with commands that can list,
print or show your data Some of the many things
you might use it for are Inventory files. Customer
tiles, Real Estate Listings, plus many more Let
your imagination run WILD!
Vou can formal the items in many ways with this
6809 Extended BASIC program Some of the
options available are right or let! justify, item
length, etc

Order your diskette today for only $49 95! Use
Master Charge, VISA or check. Specify diskette
size

Tennessee residents add 6V«% sales lax. Cus-
tomers outside Canada or USA add $5.00 tor air
postage and handling. If you wish to order by
phone, give us a call at (61 5) 396-2161
Coming soon VEfl . 2, 1 for TSC Multiuser Basic 1 *
'Record sizes up to 252 bytes

v..

dp systems

po box 567

conegedaie tn 37315

6800 Software

Hardware, Firmware

TW\s

Sped

\a\

SIC-02 It a 4802 Single Board Computer, tilth our
printed circuit board and about »50 or parti, you
can havt i 4802 systen ulth RAN, RON. PIA and/or
AC1A uhlch caa bt used as a dedicated controller for
healln*. system, burglar alarm, computer t/0, nodel
tralm, tltctronlc lanes, or whatever. Iht 6802
will run 4800 software, so you can osiroblt and test
your program on your 4800, the* transfer then to
your SIC-02 and execute fron there. The board
contain a 4802 with 128 byt«» of BAN, 2714 2KxB
EPkOK, TTL decoder, power supply rtgulitor, and
either tuo PI»» or one PIA and one ACIA. A
wire-wrap area can be uied to add nore ntnory, t/0,
buffers, or whatever ilie you need. Etched and
drilled pc board with Instructions Is *20, special
this nonth only »I7.30.

STAR - KITS

P.O. Box 209, Mt. Kltca. N.Y. 10549

'68' Micro Journal

COMPUTERWARE

is serious about

6800 / 6809

System Software

DOS/ Utilities Random BASIC

MONITOR BASREF (cross rel.)

XREF (cross ref.) RENBAS (renumbering)

Assembler Editor

Application Software

Accounts Receivable
Accounts Payable
Ledger Accounting
Inventory Control

Payroll

Medical Office
Word Processing
Mailing System

Random Data Organizer / Report Generator

all available for both 6800 and 6809
Applications for home, small business, and commercial users

And we have the hardware tool

Smoke Signal Broadcasting • SWTPC

Centronics • NEC • Anadex • SOROC
Micro Works • Thomas • New/tech • Sanyo

HAZELWOOD COMPUTER
SYSTEMS

SI Louts Area's lull service computer center featuring the outstanding
GIMIX product line and Irie 6809 processor

* GIMIX computer sysleTts configured to your needs

A TOTAL SYSTEMS approach

* Laboratory data aquisillor- systems

* Interlaces designed and built lor special needs

* Professional repair service All makes and models

* Friendly, courleous staff ol computer prolessionals

No salesmen or clorks

* A great place lor meeting other 68 Users

OUR OWN VIDEO GRAPHICS CONTROLLER BOARD . . .

* 8 MHZ bandwidth lor high resolution display

* 2S6X2S6 jilterfree display (256X250 on some monitors)

* True X-Y single PIXEL addressability

* Displays math functions directly no software driver

* Single command erase erases in 1/60 second

* Sell. conlamedX-Y memory doesnolusesystemaddressspace

* Plugs into any SS-S0 I/O bus slot

* Crystal controlled liming no adjustments

* 75 ohm composite video output

* Synchronized write liming no screen splatter

* No tnilializelion or sollware driver required

* 350.00 assembled and tested (video monitor required)
ORDER #VC-256

Dale Chamberlain's BASIC CROSS REFERENCE
PROGRAM ...

* Works wilh TSC BASIC BAS files

* wniton in 6809 assembly language lor high speed

* 24.95 with instructions and 5 1,4" diskette ORDER #BASXRF

MASTER CARD VISA AMERICAN EXPRESS CARDS

Michael L. Smith General Manager

Hazelwood Computer Systems

7413 N. Lindbergh

Hazelwood, Missouri 63042

(314) 637-3466

IPC I'KODtlCTS FOR

6800

COMPUTERS

16 CHANNEL A/D BOARD

• 6 BIT DATA

• SOFTWARE CONTROLLED GAIN

• 3300 SAMPLES PER SECOND

• +0.7% ACCURACY

COMPLETE KIT: AD-16 $69.95

Terms: Cash, MC or Visa; Shipping ft Handling 43.00

Order Phone (505) 294-4623
P.O. Box 5815
Albuquerque, N.M. 87185

'66" Micro Journal

PSB-08 PROM SYSTEM BOARD A B-OB EPROM PROGRAMMER

INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS FOR 6800 USERS

DS-68 DIGISECTOR is a random access video digit
izer featuring 256 x 256 picture element scan and
64 levels of grey scale, with conversion times as low
as 3 microseconds per pixel, it accepts either inter-
laced (NTSC) or non-interlaced (industrial) video
input. Use it for computer portraiture, moving target
indicators, precision security systems, fast to slow
scan conversion. . .with clever software, the Digi-
sector can read just about anything. Truly a pro-
fessional tool at a price you can afford. $169.95

B-08 2708 EPROM PROGRAM M ER is a compact un it
that fits in the 6800's I/O slot. A safety switch and
LED indicator provide control over the high pro-
gramming voltage generated on board. An industrial
quality Textool socket and extended board height
allow effortless PROM insertion and retrieval. Fully
commented source listings of U2708 is included in
the Owner's Manual. $99.95

.;• I Ms

U2708 utility for testing, burning, verifying and
copying 2708s in EPROM. $29,95

PSB-08 PROM SYSTEM BOARD features 1K of high
speed, low-power RAM and space for up to 8 2708
EPROMs, both DIP-switch addressable to start on
any 8K boundary in memory. The exclusive I/O
select feature allows you to move I/O locations up to
any unused 1K block in the EPROM memory space.
This permits memory expansion to a full 56K of
contiguous user RAM. $119.95

THE

DM-85 DISK MIXER is an addon board for the
Smoke Signal Broadcasting BFD-68A Disk Con-
troller which allows operation of both 8" and 5"
drives. Controller mode (8" or 5") is selected on a
drive-by drive basis, so any mix of 5" and 8" drives is
allowable. The 2" x 3" PC board mounts incon-
spicously on the back of the BFD-68A. its operation
is completely transparent to software. An oscillo-
scope is required for the setup procedure. Kit Price:
$39.95

M6809 EMULATOR is a machine language program
that will emulate all of the functions of the Motorola
6809 third generation microprocessor. Developed
for use on any 6800 system, the program allows soft-
ware development and debugging. The 3K byte pro-
gram is complete with a 6809 mini-monitor and
single-step trace routines. Fully commented source
listing included. Specify Smoke Signal Broad-
casting or FLEX™ disk, or KCS cassette. $49.95

ih I III!

UIO UNIVERSAL I/O BOARD helps you with your
custom interfaces, it has space for a 40-pin wire
wrap socket into which you may plug any of
Motorola's 40 or 24-pln interface chips. All data and
control lines are connected to the appropriate edge
connector pins. All other bus connections are
brought out to a 16-pin socket pad. + 5 volt regulator
and all Molex connectors are provided; regulated
+ 5 and ground are bused among the locations for
up to 35 14-pin ICs. $24.95

MQISCSS 3 P0 - B0X 111 °- DEL MAR > CA 92014 714-942-2400

'68* Micro Journal

TIRED OF PLAYING THE
QUESTION AND ANSWER GAM E?

Ftusirntm) hy the briuHliK»ni q\8ASIC> T.*#>d of quBlhon and ansrvef data tTnttyi
Ev*r with youCOuMJenlai *fw»«jP*n« dalarh» way HwS'G SYSTEMS do if
irfiijied&v ncvmg rore-enlfr »m«w» iniMimmrwhin an you wirtiedloduwas
chiog. on* *iw> WAIT NO MORE* NOW YOU CAN

CONFORM

ALFORD AND A SSOCIA TES n proud to txasam in* b>gg«m hmo .iem to

hil If* v. i.itl iyiW^s wo-ld line* BASIC ll>*l> *4 & -A n«3 PrOtkicM » P*og**m
1K*1 aikt«.» u%mt%o\ME MORY-MA PPED VDU'S lo display J 041* a*.1ry term
on-iCfMn fill ir.theti.»ni.l *m\mSCREEN*ED(T cnangot. «»m li*nclH>n>»iicti

^INSERT SPACE. DELETE CHARACTER, ERASE TOENDOF
FIELD. ERASE FIELD. TAB FIELDS, CLEAR ALL DATA

FIELDS, lor n*w *nl/y. «K. , .and. ffo il an und-Jr ir*t corMrot Of your BASIC
proO»artV

CONFORM works with

AN V POPULAR BASIC - TSC. COMPUTERWARE.

SWTPCO. ETC . . .

ANY POPULAR DISPLAY - GIMIX. PERCOM,

SSB. THOMAS. ETC. . . .

Why pin* ihoqucslio.i andan.wei 9*me *ilh your fla»*t prog rami CONFORM
w.lh » A » CON lujll*d FORM* data eriMy Basic oveiUv p.ofli.ini itvljy'
AvariJBN? now on diK Oi C-Ul*1.e lor o*ty

$24.95

f i^Ohh) |u <]<)', im htvdia ftntiicp tutting tanip4-p pnajriMnt And mMfluM

THE SCREDITOR SCREEN

EDITING UTILITY IS NOW EVEN

BETTER!

CHOOSE ONE FROM COLUMN A
AND ONE FROM COLUMN B

A (DOS) B (VDU)

SSB DOS 4.X GIMMIX 80x24

SSB DOS 5.X GIMIX 64x16

MINIFLEX SSB VDB-1

FLEX 1.0 THOMAS INSTRUMENTATION

FLEX 2.0 PERCOM

CHOOSE ONE.FROM COLUMN A
AND ONE FROM COLUMN B

thar.M to yen" AZcoWanc* O' it\t>SCREDlTOR, And malilol Mll<nei. Oucauae
n> \ne b<rth oi txit rn*.. *on ncouPiool we#hsago we .ire rwiw oJisfmq tnitianuihc
nroo.Am jt mttNEW LOW PRICE oi o^v

$69.95

MdnuaiOnh SlW COirt^lptC iOnrCO li-Kiny jv*/* 1 '

ALFORD AND ASSOCIATES, p. o. box 6743. Richmond. v^.23230804-329-3906

Bi ng iPniM.i»iiiirnir«tr<i)"t.ianii.iva»iSiooi)iWii Rmkjwii^jim f.Sji».vij..L(PS COD. VISA MASTERCHAHlit i»iii>i^<h w »iHw hi )H«i h »»i . .,

Model EP.2A.79

EPROM Programmer

Software available for F8, 6800, 8085. B080. Z-80. 6502, 1802.
2650.6809, 80B6 based systems.

EPROM type is selacled by a ersonallty module which plugs Into
the front of the programmer. Power requirement are 115 VAC
50/60 Hz. al 15 waits. It is su Had with a 36-Inch ribbon cable for
connecting to mfcrocom uter Requires 1 V» I/O ports Pitted at
$155 with one set of software. (Additional software on disk and
cassette for various systems.) Personality modules are shown below.

PattNo Program* Pnee

tms z7on H&oo

J3W.27IB 1&0O

2732 3000

TMS 2716 1S0O

TMS 2KB XOO

l'M-0
PM I
PH2
PM3
PM4
PMS
PM«

TMS 2S16.2716.2TSa
MCM68764

3100

Optimal Technology. Inc.

Blue Wood 127.E*riy«vtli«, Virginia 22936

Ptton* (804) 973-5482

>l*I*I*t*!*t*]*]*]*t*t*t*t*t*]*]*]*t*t*t*!*t*t*t*te,

F&D Associates _ m ^
1210 Todd Road B jjg 7
New Plymouth, Ohio
45654

Sand for fraa Catalog
Visa ~ MaatarCharga <- C.O.O.

Fit) PRisirri twi omwr vti-r.n ihapm

, PHl-l • A CRT controller beard for trio SJO hue. lullt

ateund Motorola KCfiSe} progreeaeble CI>TC chip, Weny

' diepley foniti poaolblei 3! X 16, 6« X 16, 82 X U, 80

' X 24, ate. Up to *k aaaory. Light pan Input. Uaar pia

> pert. Vareatlla aerelllni, by character, by Una, by
, fag*. FroKreanable euraer with varieva forwti. Pppar
, caae, lower eeee, and graphlce character aete. Crarhlee

or ueer-deflnad charaetera atored In 270K or 2716 Zppnw

for verietillty, Screen fomete cen be d^nenlcelljr

' changed during prograai execution. Setup reutlnee and

> deae aoftware lietlnge provided. rtuch eoftvoro
I avelleble - BASIC petehee, Monitor KrPOH prograae, etc.

Progressed grephlea EPRnM available.

PW-1

tare Hoard and Document at !rn

$37.50

CVH-1 • A color Alphe/Crephlce boerd built eround the
HC6847. S50 coapetlble. Vereetlle eddreeelng and banlc
•elect. Vp to Ik ejaaor*. On boerd PIA , one port for
ueer, ether optlonellr controle 6X47 aadee. Pull
grephlee or nixed alplia -end eeaii-graphlca. Up to elfht
colore. Softwera driver Hating provided.

m CVH-l

Sara board and Docuaintatton

S33.00

add $2.30 e/h to eech order

'68' Micro Journal

5-1/4" Minidisk — Soft or Hard Sector

Dealer and Volume Discounts Available

A
V
E

SOGTH EAST MEDIA SUPPLY

P.O. Box 794 615-870-1993

Hixson. TN 37343

D
I

S
K

* oil

'68' Micro Journal

• :•;•

Brings it all Together !

Hardware Features

•2 MHz 66BOO MPU

- Double Floppy Disk Drive- 3S6K bytes

formatted
*32K, 48 K or 64Kbyte dynamic RAM
' Intelligent Video Terminal

• Commercial lypewnter keyboard with
function Keys and numbene pads

• 2 AS 232C serial ports

Software
Features

* UCSD Pascal* System Software Package
' 6800 Multi-tasking System (MTS6B0O)

* Business ASIC Compiler

* WORDMATE" Word Processor

* Various Application Packages

Packaging

* Attractive, Compact, desk-
lop enclosure

' Light-weight, highly portable
" Provision lor 3 I/O
Expansion modules

* Highly reliable, ease of
maintenance

Price: * Quantity 1 (one) end user price S2, 995 ' Attractive OEM/Dealer (Discounts Available

X\\\

WAVE MATE INC.

1 0005 Adna Maru Lane
Carson. California 90746
213-532-4532

Telex 194369

EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERS
WAVE MATE INTERNATIONAL

1S9Chde vleuigel
10S0 Bruxetles. Belgium
102)649-1070 Telex 240

68 Micro Journal

6809!

INTRODUCING THE NEW

STATE-OF-THE-ART

IN MICROCOMPUTER

SOFTWARE FROM MICROWARE

OS9-1 SINGLE USER

OS9-1 WITH TAPE FILE MANAGER

on2716's $ 95.00

on 2708's $ 95.00

Manual & Source only $ 85. 00

OS9-1 WITH DISK FILE MANAGER

on 271 6's $150.00

on 2708s $150.00

.Manual & Source only $150.00

DEBUGGER PACKAGE

(aprox 1K)

Manual & Source

on 2716s
on 2708's
on tape
on disk
only

50.00
50.00
35.00
35.00
50.00

INTERACTIVE EDITOR/ASSEMBLER

on 271 6's $180.00

on 2708's $180.00

on tape $150.00

on disk $150.00

Manual & Source only $150.00

Above items available after aprox. June 1 .

1980.

See CIMJX ad
Pages 3 ( (8

COMING SOON!!!

BASIC09
OS9-2 MULTIUSER

When ordering, you must specify; type of
CPU card, type of disk controller, size of
media and starting address for your I/O
ports.

From the company that puts it all together.
GIMIX, SMOKE, SWTPC, MICROWARE,
ANADEX, SPINWRITER, DIGITUS, HI-
PLOT, MICROWORKS. . . .

H H H ENTERPRISES

BOX 493, Laurel, MD.

ZIP 20810
PHONE 301-953-1155

BLITZ

SCREEN EDITOR FOR THE CT-82

• IDEAL FOR WORO PROCESSING OR PROGRAMMING

• THERE IS NO FASTER / EASIER WAY TO EDIT TEXT

• IT ALL HAPPENS IMMEDIATELY ON THE SCREEN SO
YOU SEE EXACTLY WHAT YOU ARE DOING: INSERT
CHARACTER, DELETE CHARACTER, INSERT LINE,
DELETE LINE, SCROLL UP, SCROLL DOWN

• RUNS ON 6800 OR 6809 UNDER TSC's FLEX

• AVAILABLE ON 5 OR 8 INCH OISKETTE

• BEST OF ALL - YOU CAN BUY THE ENTIRE
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGESOURCE CODE, SO YOU
CAN ADD YOUR OWN CUSTOM FEATURES

• FROM THE COMPANY THATBROUGHTYOU THE
MICROPM-USER PILOT/BASIC/EDITOR PACKAGE

$60 -OBJECT ONLY

$100 - SOURCE AND OBJECT

fCROPI

SN Nugent
r Lum inLinrl Washington 0B2OZ

* CT-64

♦ CT-1024

* DMA VIDEO ADAPTER
FOR YOUR TERMINAL

• DMA (ability to update anyplace on the screen
directly)

* HIGH SPEED DISPLAY (fast as any video board)

* KEYBOARD CONTROL (of baud rate and paging
/scrolling)

• DOCUMENTATION (includes source listing that
replaces Outee)

J.B.I, adapter with memory $179.00 Source Code
on J.B.I, adapter without memory $169.00 Disk
$5.00 tape $3 50

Provide your system configuration and software.
Terms: cash, MC, Visa or C.O.D. plus $3. 50
shipping and handling.

Johnson Micro Computer

2607 E. Charleston
*> Las Vegas, Nev. 89104

1-702-384-3354

S" Micro Journal

Software Source Books

Combining detailed descriptions with complete source listings, these
books explain the internal operations and algorithms used in Henenway
Associate's popular systems software.

How much would such a complete software resource cost? If you've seen
the PAPERBYTE books by Jack Hemenway and Robert Grappel you know how
inexpensive they can be. And now you can have the companion volumes to the
RA6800ML macro assembler and LINK08 linking loader books.

Remember, these are not Just books; they are SoftwareSourceBooks —
complete
accepted.

Software resources! Order them today; VISA and HasterCharge

CP/fif?

OPRRATTMG SYSTEM

(43^.95)

PIP Peripheral Interchange

Program transfers data

between physical devices

Wildcard Filenames and Extensions

Relocatable anywhere in

Memory

Extended Instr ctlon set

includes 6809-type instructions

(PSHX, PULX, etc J

Device-independent I/O
Random and Sequential Files
Fits in less than 8k
Chaining and overlaying
Single Supervisor Call
furnishes all DOS services
Easily interfaced to new
devices and peripherals
Dynamic file allocation

STRUctured BAsic Language (STRUBAL+ ) COMPILER
Tor both business and scientific uses
l*«5.95 J

Variable precision from 4 to

HI digits

Structured Programming forms

Produces Relocatable and

linkable code

COMMON and DUMMY sections

XA6SCS Macro

Runs on any M6800
Full Macro facilities
COMMON section for the
production of ROMable code
Conditional Assembly

* Extensibility

* String Handling

* Full scientific package

* Data structures with
mixed data types

Cross Assembler

* Generates linkable and
relocatable code

* Sorted Symbol table listing

* Hash-coded Symbol table
for speed

Hemenway Associates Inc. 101 Tremont St. Boston MA 02108

Name

Title

Company

Street City State Zip

( ) Check enclosed in the amount of $

(. ) Bill VISA ( ) Bill MasterCharge

Card No Exp . Date

Please send the following books:

Add $0.75 per book to cover postage and handling

'68' MiCrO Journal

NEW FROM
MICROWARE

THE ULTIMATE

6809 OPERATING

SYSTEM

•ijere's an all-new,
1*1 state-of-the-art

OS-9

operating lystem that
let's you use the 6809
to Its fullest capability.
Pick the configuration

System
Software

you need : tape or
disk-based, single-or
multiuser. It's also easy

We also offer a
new generation of
Interactive software

to modify or expand.
Here are some features:

■ IrHarrupf -Driven
Murtldevtc* I/O

development tools for
fast, efficient application
programming.

■ Hierarchical Olifc
Pile Structure

■ Untx*-TYpa
I/O Calls

a Mlnlmum-

Keysf rohc
Tax* adHor

a OS-9 AnMibhr

a Pull Meeaory

MMM|«IMnt

CapaMIRy
a Syrtam Executive

a Microsoft Bask

a Intaracthra debug
nodule

on ROM
a Highly Hardware ■

a ■■panslon davlca
driver mod u las

Independent

Versions are available
off-the-shelf for most
popular CPU's such as
SWTPC, GIMIX, PERCOM,

And Coming Soon

■ OS-9 Laval 2

MuHluitr

a Motorola BASIC09

Motorola, etc.

"UMK ft P.t!mi* til Brt Tr*i*irnr

Call or write today for Information.

MICROWARE

5835 Grand Ave P.O. Box «66S. Oct Moines. IA 50304
515/271-8644

'68' MICRO JOURNAL

it The only ALL 6800 Computer Magazine.
it Mors 6800 material than all the others com-
bined:

MAGAZINE COMPARISON

(2 year*)

Monthly Averages

6800 Articles

TOTAL
KB BYTE CC DOBB'S PAGES

7.8 6.4 2.7 2.2 19.1 ea. mo.

Average cost for all four each month: $5.88

(Based on advertised 1-year subscription price)

'68' cost per month: $1.21

That's flight! Much. Much More

lor About

1/5 the Cost!

1-Year $14.50 2 Years $26.00 3 Years $36.50

OK, PLEASE ENTER MY SUBSCRIPTION

Bill My: Master Charge Q — VISA □

Card ?i Exp. Date

For □ 1-Year □ 2 Years □ 3 Years
Enclosed: $

Name_

Street-
City.

State.

-Zip.

My Computer ls:_

68 MICRO JOURNAL

WIS Hamill Road
HIX80N, TN 37S43

Foreign surface add $9.50 per year.
Foreign Air Mail add $29.00 per year.

J©®^fflC§^y>

Life subscription 1175.00
NOTE: CANADA 4 MEXICO ADD J4.50 per year surface.
New subscriptions require 6-8 weeks processing.

'68' Micro Journal

ATTENTION!

HOBBYISTS, EXECUTIVES, INVENTORS, ENGINEERS,
PROGRAMMERS, SMALL BUSINESSMEN

LOOK AT WHAT IS AVAILABLE FROM STOCK

FROM THOMAS INSTRUMENTATION!

OUR NINTH YEAR IN BUSINESS

*^ *^ *^ *^ *^

FEATURING
NEW 16K (4-4K) MEMORY

*^ *^ *^ *^ *^

A "Cents'able way to add memory to your system
*>0 *Four 4K blocks individually addressable 0-F ^Jj s

s O

Additional memory at less than $10.00 per 1K
Add memory 1K at a time, usinq low cost 21 14s
The Memory Card is available three ways

• Asm. & tested, socketed with all 16K $295.00

• Asm. & tested, socketed for 16K, with 1K $129.00

• Bare card and Documentation $ 44.00

SPECIAL: $242.00 VALUE FOR ONLY $175.00 ' *

• A set of our bare cards to build a small system
» Consists of 8-Slot Backplane/Motherboard,

» Super CPU. Video Ram. 16K Memory, 10 Port
» Parallel I/O. Wire Wrap Prototype Card, and
» Documentation for each of the above

' OUR SS-50 LINE-UP * *

• All Thomas Instrumentation's assembled cards are
burned in at 150°F and fully tested

• All cards come with full documentation including
software source listings where appropriate

• Bare card price does not include edge connectors

• Super CPU asm. with monitor source

but without 2K-2708's EPROM monitor $195.00

• Monitor in two 2708s EPROMS $ 29.00

• CPU bare card, doc, & source $ 49.00

• Video ram asm. 7X9 char. 64X16 line $169.00

• Video ram bare card, doc. & source $ 45.00

• Parallel I/O asm. 100 I/O lines

includes 5 PIAs for 10 ports $110.00

• Parallel I/O bare card & doc $ 35.00

• Wire-Wrap/Prototype bare card $ 29.00

NEW PRODUCT LINES

NEW RCA sealed Keyboards

• Model 611

S 85.00

• Model 601

$ 65.00

• CPU Cable

$ 10.00

Leedex Monitor

$139.00

• NEW BACKPLANES/MOTHERBOARDS • *

• The following cards are extra thick (3/32)

• 16 Position SS-50 $80.00

• 12 Position SS-50 $60.00

• 8 Position SS-50 $40.00

• 4 Position SS-50 $20.00

• 8 Position SS-30 $39.00

• SS-50 to SS-30 Transition card will be
available next month

• Connectors for the above cards are separate,
SS-50 take 5 for each pos., SS-30 take 3 each
backplanes take males, main cards take
females

• Males Tin $0.40ea. Gold $1.60ea.

• Females Tin $0.50ea. Gold $1.60ea.

DESIGN

HARDWARE

DEALERS FOR SWTPC, GIMIX, AND TSC

THOMAS INSTRUMENTATION SPECIALIZES IN HELPING YOU

DEVELOP LOW COST SYSTEMS TO MEET YOUR INDIVIDUAL

COMPUTING NEEDS ... LET US AUTOMATE YOUR LABORATORY

WE HAVE SPECIAL SYSTEMS AND PRICES FOR SCHOOLS

WRITE

SOFTWARE

WS4-

THOMAS INSTRUMENTATION

168 EIGHTH STREET AVALON, N.J. 08202 (609) 967-4280

N.J. RES. INCLUDE 5% SALES TAX
CONTINENTAL U.S.A. INCLUDE $2.00 SHIPPING, CANADA $5.00, FOREIGN $10.00

'68' Micro Journal

TUTuyp

TEATVBJpS
TITTlf

The TITTT *BU§ gives you compatibility and choices of Hardware and Software offerings
by other manufacturers and Software houses such as:

• SWTP • TSC • Microware • Microworks

And now G I MIX presents our SS50C 6809 CPU card and systems.

The 6809 CPU card will be available In a standard version and our 6809 PLUS version that Is fully socketed to
allow adding options at anytime.

+ A 6840 timer package that provides 3 Independent 16 bit counters Is included on all 6809 PLUS cards.

+ A 9511 or9512 Arithmetic Processors option with its own independent crystal that allows you to use 2, 3,
or 4 MHz parts in any combination with the 6809 running at 1, 1.5, or 2 MHZ.

+ 1K of scratchpad RAM

-f A Time of Day Clock option with battery back-up. With this option you can also substitute 1K of CMOS
RAM that will also be battery backed up.

+ User selectable processor speeds without having to change the crystal.

32K of PROM, ROM or RAM. Both versions have 4 sockets that can each hold from 1K to BK parts. Single or multi-
ple voltage parts can be used on the PLUS version. The standard version only allows the use of single voltage
parts.

All on board devices and options can use extended addressing so that they will only respond to that page to
which they are set.

The card is double buffered and allows versatility in the use of software and memory address control disciplines.

Please note that this card does not have an on board baud rate generator, and must be used in systems where
baud rates (if needed) are provided elsewhere in the system.

And looking into our Crystal Ball we are hoping to ship by the end of 1980 our:

GIMIX DISC CONTROLLER CARD

Like all GIMIX products, it Is designed for reliability. The board uses a phase lock loop data
separator. It will use DMA and can control up to four 5" or four 8" single or double sided, single or
double density drives.

We plan to have the latest generation of software available Including: TSC's FLEX and forthcoming
UNIFLEX, Mlcroware's/Motorola's OS-9 and BASIC 09, and CSI's UCSD Pascal.

By the 4th Quarter of 1980 we should be delivering the

GIMIX HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS CARD SET

It is capable of 512 x 512 resolution using 32K of Static RAM. It needs 8K of memory space on the bus, can use
extended addressing, and can occupy 32K. if desired.

GHOSTable. On board software control registers allow the memory to disappear and reappear on the bus.

For Color, 3 of these sets can be used with RGB monitors.

Supplied with fast, compact and powerful software driver routines including an interface for TSC's BASIC. The
software supports both vector and character operations, with control of virtually all board features.

It will also be available in 256 x 256 and 640 x 240 resolution versions.

And looking further into the Future---the 68000 should arrive in 1981

a GIMIX 68000 CPU card that will not be a whole new ball game---

just a new CPU card that is being designed for use with our present mainframe that has a 15-50
pin and 8-30 pin Motherboard, 25 amp power supply, Memory and other I.O. and video cards,
and our forthcoming Disc Controller Card.

Eimix

inc.

1337 WEST 37th PLACE
GIMIX* and GHOST- are registered trademarks at GIMIX Inc.

• CHICAGO, IL 60609 • (312) 927-5510 •

TWX 910-2214055

19B0 GIMIX Inc

68 Micro Journal

t*A

THE source

a tf*^\s ON THE

VJ^^ 6809

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY FOR SWTPC USERS, 8" or 5% " DISKETTE
SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING USERS, INQUIRE

CSI-1 Operating Systems, PASCAL Compiler, Screen Editor, Filer,

Linker, Library, Setup, Binder, Interpreter, BIOS $250.00

CSI-2 BASIC Compiler, YALOE, (Line-editor for hard-copy terminals),

Patch, Disassembler, Calculator $100.00

CSI-3 MACRO Assemblers for 6809, 6800 and other Microprocessors . .$100.00

ALL THREE DISKS and MANUAL (SYSTEM) $419.00

FREE! UCSD PASCAL USER'S MANUAL PLUS SWTPC
IMPLEMENTATION NOTES WITH PURCHASE OF CSI-1

68000 Coming, Summer, 1980
68000 Assembler, Spring, 1980

OEM and DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

SYSTEMS, INC.

DiViSiON

1317 CENTRAL AVE. KANSAS CITY, KANSAS 66102

CALL TOLL-FREE (800) 255-4411

Continental U.S.A. Only
(Kansas Residents call 913/371-6136)

master ctiargei

VISA

"UCSD Pascal" is a registered trademark of The Regents of The University of California

68 Micro Journal
3018 Hamll) Rd
Mi«son. TN 37343

Second Class Postage Paid
Ai Chattanooga. TN
ISSN 01B4-5025

6809 PROCESSING PVWER!

only $199

The Percom SBC/9™: A "10" By Any Measure.

Available with either the new, powerful 6809 ftP or an optional 6800-software-compatible
6802, here are 10 beautiful reasons why the Percom SBC/9 " is not just another runner-up
MPU/Single-Board-Computer card.

O SS-50 bus direct, plug-in-compatible upgrade
MPU. Requires no modification of the system
bus, I/O or memory.

Full-capability stand-alone single-board compu-
ter. Accommodates a 6809 microprocessor or op-
tional 6802 microprocessor without modifica-
tion.

© On-card 1 K ROM monitor"aulo-links"to optional
second 1 K PROM — if installed. Second PROM
may be used to easily extend or modify the prim-
ary monitor command set.

O Eight-bitparallelportis multi-addressextensionof
system bus. Accommodates an exceptional vari-
ety of peripheral devices ranging from game pad-
dles and keyboards to memory management
modules. Connector is optional.

© Serial port includes a full-range selectable bit rate
generator. Optional subminiature 'O' connector
provides RS-232 compatibility.

© Extendable addressing via SS-SO bus baud lines
to 1 Mbyte. Extendable addressing to 16 Mbytes
or more through the parallel "super pod."

Q All on-card I/O Is fully decoded so that adjacent
memory space may be used.

Plug the SBC/9™ into your SS-50
system bus. and just that easily
you've upgraded to the new super-
fast super-powerful 6809 MPU with
such programming amenities as 10
addressing modes, 16-bit instruc-
tions, auto-increment/auto-decre-
ment and position-independent
code. Plus, younowhave extended
addressing capability, and opera-
tion under control of PSYMON™,
the most powerful and flexibile 1K
ROM 6809 operating system yet
written.

Percom SYstem MONilor
PSYMON™ provides the usual
ROM monitor functions in 1 Kbyte. It
is easily extended and customized
because its unique "look-ahead"
program structure first searches an
alternate command table. The ta-
ble, if present, may be used to rede-
fine or extend PSYMON's™ com-
mand set.

And with PSYMON™, I/O is easily
directed to any peripheral device —
even a disk system — through a
Device Control Block table located

in memory. This allows you to leave
the details of I/O software to the
separate I/O device drivers.

A PSYMON™ ROM Is included
free with the purchase of an
SBC/9™. The Users Manual in-
cludes a source listing.

The 1 Kbyte ROM monitor lor the
SBC/9™ 6802 option includes a
primary set of typical 6800-
compatible monitor commands. As
for PSYMON™, the commands are
easily extended or modified.

Produces ara available at Percom dealers nationwide. Call tolMrw,
1-B00-527-19B2, far Che eddraaa at year neareat dealer, or to
arder direct, ftmmim apaoiiaun KbjxxMv<fi&^»*«hMi no«»
'" mdswk oi fvaxn Ota Cenvviy mc

PfcHCOM DATA COMPANY IN»C

. -iHH» liJWtilW} TL»Ai. ?SQ4?

eiuii

PEfiGCM

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